Major Causes of GI Fistulas: T-FRIEND
Trauma
Foreign body reaction
Radiation
Inflammation
Energy Malnutrition
Neoplastic disease
Distal obstruction
Causes of epistaxis:
Indians Drink FANTA
Indians Drink FANTA
I-Infections
D-DNS
F-Foreign body
A-Atmospheric
N-Neoplasms T-Traumatic A-Allergic
D-DNS
F-Foreign body
A-Atmospheric
N-Neoplasms T-Traumatic A-Allergic
Meckel's diverticulum- rule of 2's
2 inches long, 2 feet
from the ileocecal valve, 2% of the population commonlly
presents in the first 2 years of life may contain 2 types of epithelial tissue
Branches of Vagus nerve
S- Superior laryngeal nerve (Gives internal
'sensory' and external 'motor' LN)
C- Cardiac branches
R- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
A- Anterior Vagal Trunk
P- Posterior Vagal Trunk
Abdominal distension
5Fs
Fat, Fluid, Faeces, Flatus,
Fetus
Acute Abdomen
MEDIC CURSES A MOP
Mesenteric Adenitis,
Enteritis,
Diverticulitis,
Ischaemic Colitis
Cholycystitis,
Ulcers,
Renal Colic,
Salphingitis,
E ctopic Pregnanc y ,
Small bowel obstruction
Appendicitis
Meckels Diverticulum,
Ovarian Cyst,
Pancreatitis
NG tube removal post op
4Ps
Peristalsis,
Passage of flatus,
Paucity of aspirate,
Patient Puckish
Leg Ulcers
VAIN PAIN
Venous,
Arterial,
Infection (e.g. syphilis),
Neuropathic
Pressure sores,
Arthritis (e.g. RA, PAN),
Injury / IDB,
Neoplastic
Ronson’s criteria for acute pancreatitis:
ACUTELY
What A GAL
↑WCC
↑Age
↑Glu
↑AST
↑LDH
> 48 hours
FUCH BO
↑Fluid sequestered (>6L)
↑Urea (>10mmol)
↓Ca2+ (<2mmol span="span">
↓Haematocrit (>10%)
↓Base (>4mEq/l)
↓O2 (<8kpa span="span">
Prophylactic antibiotics
APPLE
Amputations,
Prosthesis,
Penetrating wounds,
Large bowel surg,
Endocarditis
Small bowel obstruction
SHAVIT
Stone,
Hernia,
Adhesions,
Volvulus,
Intussusception,
Tumour
MEDIC CURSES A MOP
Mesenteric Adenitis,
Enteritis,
Diverticulitis,
Ischaemic Colitis
Cholycystitis,
Ulcers,
Renal Colic,
Salphingitis,
E ctopic Pregnanc y ,
Small bowel obstruction
Appendicitis
Meckels Diverticulum,
Ovarian Cyst,
Pancreatitis
NG tube removal post op
4Ps
Peristalsis,
Passage of flatus,
Paucity of aspirate,
Patient Puckish
Leg Ulcers
VAIN PAIN
Venous,
Arterial,
Infection (e.g. syphilis),
Neuropathic
Pressure sores,
Arthritis (e.g. RA, PAN),
Injury / IDB,
Neoplastic
Ronson’s criteria for acute pancreatitis:
ACUTELY
What A GAL
↑WCC
↑Age
↑Glu
↑AST
↑LDH
> 48 hours
FUCH BO
↑Fluid sequestered (>6L)
↑Urea (>10mmol)
↓Ca2+ (<2mmol span="span">
↓Haematocrit (>10%)
↓Base (>4mEq/l)
↓O2 (<8kpa span="span">
Prophylactic antibiotics
APPLE
Amputations,
Prosthesis,
Penetrating wounds,
Large bowel surg,
Endocarditis
Small bowel obstruction
SHAVIT
Stone,
Hernia,
Adhesions,
Volvulus,
Intussusception,
Tumour
Post-operative fever causes Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever
Scrotum: scrotum swelling differential THE THEATRES:
Torsion
Hernia
Epididymytis, orchitis
Trauma
Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma
Edema
Appendix testes (torsion, hemorrhage)
Tumour
Recurrent leukemia
Epididymal cyst
Syphilis, TB
Torsion
Hernia
Epididymytis, orchitis
Trauma
Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma
Edema
Appendix testes (torsion, hemorrhage)
Tumour
Recurrent leukemia
Epididymal cyst
Syphilis, TB
Post-operative complications (immediate) "Post-op PROBS":
Pain
Primary haemorrhage
Reactionary haemorrhage
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
Shock/ Sepsis
Pain
Primary haemorrhage
Reactionary haemorrhage
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
Shock/ Sepsis
GI bleeding: causes ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel
Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms · 5 P's:
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)
Swollen leg: unilateral
swelling causes TV BAIL:
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker's cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker's cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema
Type
of Edge in Ulcer:
F PURE
Flat (eg venous)
Punched-out (eg trophic, arterial)
Undetermined (eg pressure, TB)
Rolled (eg BCC)
Everted (eg SCC)
Flat (eg venous)
Punched-out (eg trophic, arterial)
Undetermined (eg pressure, TB)
Rolled (eg BCC)
Everted (eg SCC)
Pancreatitis: treatment MACHINES:
Monitor vital signs
Analgesia/ Antibiotics
Calcium gluconate (if deemed necessary)
H2 receptor antagonist
IV access/ IV fluids
Nil by mouth
Empty gastric contents
Surgery if required/ Senior review
Monitor vital signs
Analgesia/ Antibiotics
Calcium gluconate (if deemed necessary)
H2 receptor antagonist
IV access/ IV fluids
Nil by mouth
Empty gastric contents
Surgery if required/ Senior review
Appendicitis: Alvarado's scoring system for diagnosis MANTRELS:
Migratory pain (1)
Anorexia (1)
Nausea (1)
Tenderness (2)
Rebound tenderness (1)
Elevated temperature (1)
Leucocytosis (2)
Shift to left of leucocyte (1)
· Score 3-4 = no appendicitis. Score 5-6 = doubtful. Score 7 or more = appendicitis is confirmed.
Migratory pain (1)
Anorexia (1)
Nausea (1)
Tenderness (2)
Rebound tenderness (1)
Elevated temperature (1)
Leucocytosis (2)
Shift to left of leucocyte (1)
· Score 3-4 = no appendicitis. Score 5-6 = doubtful. Score 7 or more = appendicitis is confirmed.
Post operative order list check-up FLAVOR:
Fluids
Laboratories
Activity
Vital signs
Oral allowances
Rx [medications]
Fluids
Laboratories
Activity
Vital signs
Oral allowances
Rx [medications]
These are conditions that
prevent the nature to heals the fistula in GI Tract : FETI3D
F = Foreign bodies
E = Epithelization
T = Tumors
I = infection
I = Irradiated tissue
I = IBD
D = Distal obstruction
F = Foreign bodies
E = Epithelization
T = Tumors
I = infection
I = Irradiated tissue
I = IBD
D = Distal obstruction
CT scan indications in trauma setting:
Uncle Nelson ARgues ABout Kids
Unconcious pt after head trauma
Neck injury; to confirm vertebral fracture when Xray is equivocal
Aortic Rupture (after Xray, Before Aortogram)
Abdominal penetrating wound; when gloved finger in ER cant say for sure if theres penetration
Kidney injury leading to blood in urine; blunt abdominal trauma
Uncle Nelson ARgues ABout Kids
Unconcious pt after head trauma
Neck injury; to confirm vertebral fracture when Xray is equivocal
Aortic Rupture (after Xray, Before Aortogram)
Abdominal penetrating wound; when gloved finger in ER cant say for sure if theres penetration
Kidney injury leading to blood in urine; blunt abdominal trauma
Rectal Bleeding
|
H-DRAIN
H emorroids
D iverticulitis
R adiation
A V malformation
I schaemia
N eoplasm
|
Symptoms of GI Obstruction
|
PV D&C
P ain
V omiting
D istension
C onstipation
|
Causes of Generalized Edema
|
HILARI IS SAVE
H eart failure
I atrogenic
L iver causes (venous obstruction)
A ldosterone increased or ADH decreased
R enal causes
I nadequate protein in blood (hypoalbuminemia)
(Causes of hypoalbuminemia)
Intake inadequate (Kwashiorkor)
S ecretion from pancreas decreased (e.g. pancreatitis)
S ynthesis decreased (liver failure)
A bsorption decreased (e.g. Crohn's disease)
V omit
E xcretion increased
|
Causes of Localized Edema
|
ALIVE
A llergic (angioedema)
L ymphatic (e.g. elephantiasis)
I nflammatory (e.g. infection, injury)
VEnous
(e.g. DVT, chronic venous insufficiency)
|
Melanoma Sites
|
Mel SEA (like "Mel C from the Spice Girls--whatever, don't pretend you
don't know what I'm talking about)
(in order to frequency)
S kin
E yes
A nus
|
Appendectomy Complications
|
WRAP IF HOT
W ound infection
R espiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
A bscess (pelvic)
P ortal pyemia
I leus (paralytic)
F ecal fistula
H ernia (r. inguinal)
O bstruction (intestinal from adhesions)
T hrombus (DVT)
|
Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors
|
PC BASTARDS
P lummer-Vinson syndrome
C eliac disease
B arrett's dysplasia
A lcohol
S moking
T ylosis
A chalasia
R ussian (geographic predilection)
D iet
S tricture
|
Disease Description: Organization
|
"In A Surgeon's Gown, Physicians May Make Some Clinical Progress"
I ncidence
A ge of onset
S ex predilection
G eopgraphic predilection
P redisposing factors
M acroscopic appearance
M icroscopic appearance
S pread (route of)
Clinical features
P rognosis
|
Abdomen: Inspection
|
The 5Ss
S ize
S hape
S cars
S kin lesions
S toma
|
Causes of Unilateral Leg Swelling
|
TV BAIL
T rauma
V enous (varicose, DVT, venous insufficiency)
B aker's cyst
A llergy
I nflammation (e.g. cellulitis)
L ymphoedema
|
TPN Indications
|
MISIPPI BURNing
M ajor visceral injury
I BD
S epsis
I leus
P ost-op
P aralysis
I ntestinal fistula
BURNs
|
Surgical Discharge Checklist
|
FLAG COUP
F (empty)
L ucid
A mbulatory
G P letter sent
C VS checked and stable (e.g. BP, pulse)
Operation
site OK
Urinating
OK
P rescriptions
|
4'F for cholelithiasis
|
FEMALE
FOURTY FERTİLE FATTY |
6-S's for Etiology of CA Tongue
Spices
Spirits
Smoking
Sharp Pointed Teeth
Syphilis
Sepsis
Spirits
Smoking
Sharp Pointed Teeth
Syphilis
Sepsis
8 C's of
cholangiocarcinoma(risk factors)
C-Caroli's disease
C-Choledochal cyst
C-Colitis(ulcerative colitis)
C-Cholangitis(sclerosing)
C-Clonorchis sinensis
C-Cong.hepatic fibrosis
C-C/c typhoid carrier state
C-Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.
C-Choledochal cyst
C-Colitis(ulcerative colitis)
C-Cholangitis(sclerosing)
C-Clonorchis sinensis
C-Cong.hepatic fibrosis
C-C/c typhoid carrier state
C-Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.
ABC OF RANSON SCORE
Age
Blood glucose
Count wbc
LDH level
Enzyme-AST level
48 hrs later
Arterial o2 saturation
Blood urea
Calcium level
Deficit of base
Fluid sequestration
Blood glucose
Count wbc
LDH level
Enzyme-AST level
48 hrs later
Arterial o2 saturation
Blood urea
Calcium level
Deficit of base
Fluid sequestration
ABC of spleen rupture
Anaemia
Bp low
Cold periphery
Distended abdomen
Elevated pulse
Frenic(PHRENIC) nerve iritatio-kehr sign
Guarding rigidity
Bp low
Cold periphery
Distended abdomen
Elevated pulse
Frenic(PHRENIC) nerve iritatio-kehr sign
Guarding rigidity
ABC's of Trauma
Aortic Transection
Bronchial fracture
Cord injury (Thoracic spine)
Diaphragmatic rupture
Esophageal tear
Flail chest
Gas (subtle pneumothorax)
Heart (Cardiac injury)
Iatrogenic (Misplaced monitoring & support catheters)
Bronchial fracture
Cord injury (Thoracic spine)
Diaphragmatic rupture
Esophageal tear
Flail chest
Gas (subtle pneumothorax)
Heart (Cardiac injury)
Iatrogenic (Misplaced monitoring & support catheters)
Management of Shock:
ABCDE
A-
Airway
B- Breathing
C- Circulation
D- dysfunction or disability of the central nervous system
E- Environment and some schools say it is Examination.....
I consider environment is more appropriate...because removal of the injured from the dangerous site is an integral initial part of the emergency management...
B- Breathing
C- Circulation
D- dysfunction or disability of the central nervous system
E- Environment and some schools say it is Examination.....
I consider environment is more appropriate...because removal of the injured from the dangerous site is an integral initial part of the emergency management...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS CAUSES
GET SMASHeD Pancreatitis
G-Gall stone
E-Ethanol
T-Trauma
S-Steroid
M-Mumps
A-Autoimmune
S-Scorpion bite
H-Hypercalcaemia
D-Drugs like sulfa drugs
P-Post splenectomy
G-Gall stone
E-Ethanol
T-Trauma
S-Steroid
M-Mumps
A-Autoimmune
S-Scorpion bite
H-Hypercalcaemia
D-Drugs like sulfa drugs
P-Post splenectomy
SYSTOMS OF ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS:
A-astrexis,ascitis
B-bruit,easy brusing
C-cachexia or weight loss and muscle wasting,caput medosa
D-dermatogenic symptoms
E-edema,hepatic encephalopathy
F-fetor hepaticus
G-gynecomastia'testicular atrophy
H-hepato renal syndrome and hepato pulmonary syndrome hepato megaly
I-icterus
P-palmar erythmema
I-icterus
S,A-spider angioma
its ABCDEFGHI
B-bruit,easy brusing
C-cachexia or weight loss and muscle wasting,caput medosa
D-dermatogenic symptoms
E-edema,hepatic encephalopathy
F-fetor hepaticus
G-gynecomastia'testicular atrophy
H-hepato renal syndrome and hepato pulmonary syndrome hepato megaly
I-icterus
P-palmar erythmema
I-icterus
S,A-spider angioma
its ABCDEFGHI
anaphylaxis treatments
ACH{ACETYLCHOLINE}
A........................ADRENALINE[O.5MG IM]
C........................CHLORPHENAMINE[0.5 times20=10mg iv]
H........................HYDROCORTISONE[10times20=200mg iv]
A........................ADRENALINE[O.5MG IM]
C........................CHLORPHENAMINE[0.5 times20=10mg iv]
H........................HYDROCORTISONE[10times20=200mg iv]
aneurysm types
text MAD SCABS
MYCOTIC
ATHEROSCLEROTIC
DISSECTING
SYPHILITIC
CAPILLARY MICROANEURYSM
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
BERRY
MYCOTIC
ATHEROSCLEROTIC
DISSECTING
SYPHILITIC
CAPILLARY MICROANEURYSM
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
BERRY
Important Findings Of
APPENDICITIS are
OH Mr Peter is Bold ,Rude and Rough
1.OBTURATOR SIGN
2.HYPERAESTHESIA IN SHERRENS TRIANGLE
3.MC-BURNEYS TENDERNESS
4.PSOAS SIGN
5BALDWIN SIGN
6.ROVSINGS SIGN
7.REBOUND TENDERNESS
OH Mr Peter is Bold ,Rude and Rough
1.OBTURATOR SIGN
2.HYPERAESTHESIA IN SHERRENS TRIANGLE
3.MC-BURNEYS TENDERNESS
4.PSOAS SIGN
5BALDWIN SIGN
6.ROVSINGS SIGN
7.REBOUND TENDERNESS
Autosomal dominant and recessive disorders....
a very easy way to memorise few im. ones...
(1)AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT....
D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.
O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
M= Marfans syndrome.
I= Intermittent Porphyria.
N= Noonans Symdrome.
A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
N= Neurofibromatosis.
T= Tuberous sclerosis.
(2)AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE :
A= Albinism.
B= beta thalessemia.
C= Cystic Fibrosis.
D= Deafness.
E= Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).
F= Friedrichs ataxia.
G= Gauchers disease.
H= Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.
a very easy way to memorise few im. ones...
(1)AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT....
D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.
O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
M= Marfans syndrome.
I= Intermittent Porphyria.
N= Noonans Symdrome.
A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
N= Neurofibromatosis.
T= Tuberous sclerosis.
(2)AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE :
A= Albinism.
B= beta thalessemia.
C= Cystic Fibrosis.
D= Deafness.
E= Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).
F= Friedrichs ataxia.
G= Gauchers disease.
H= Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.
Benignnaevus
Salmonpatch,Straberryangioma=Spontaneous regression(Disappear).
Bochdalek Hernia---4 B's
B ochdalek
B ack(Posterior)
B abies(age at presentation)
B ig(usually large)
B ack(Posterior)
B abies(age at presentation)
B ig(usually large)
bochdalek's hernia is a type of diaphragmatic hernia presented by
some neonates..characterised by herniation of abdominal structures to the
thorax through the diaphragm...leading to severe respiratory
distress...requiring immediate surgical recession and correction of d hernia.
Bone metastasis
KOta bpl town
K-kidney
O-ovary
T-thyroid
B-breast
P-prostate
L-lung
T-testicular
K-kidney
O-ovary
T-thyroid
B-breast
P-prostate
L-lung
T-testicular
BRCA- 1 -gene associated
cancers:OCP
O.C.P
O-Ovarian ca
C-Colorectal ca
P-Prostate ca
O.C.P
O-Ovarian ca
C-Colorectal ca
P-Prostate ca
brca-2
OH 2 BMW Posh Luxury
oh:ovary cncer 2-brca-2 Bmw-breast
in men nd women posh;pancreas nd prostate luxury;larynx
Sign of pancreatitis:
call ur girl friend
Culen sign-umbilicus
Grey turner-Flank
Grey turner-Flank
CAUSES OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
text...thrombosis
t.trauma..injury to vessel wall
h.harmones..increased coagulability
r.road traffic accidents
o.operation..cholecystectomy
m.malignancy..sluggish blood flow
b.blood disorder..polycythemia
o.orthopaedic surgery..obesity ..old age
s.serious illness..like stroke M.I.
i.immobilization..
s.splenectomy
t.trauma..injury to vessel wall
h.harmones..increased coagulability
r.road traffic accidents
o.operation..cholecystectomy
m.malignancy..sluggish blood flow
b.blood disorder..polycythemia
o.orthopaedic surgery..obesity ..old age
s.serious illness..like stroke M.I.
i.immobilization..
s.splenectomy
Causes of acute & reversible urinary incontinence
The following mnemonic aids in remembering the causes of acute and
reversible forms of urinary incontinence - DRIP:
D: Delirium
R: Restricted mobility, retention
I: Infection, inflammation, impaction (fecal)
P: Polyuria, pharmaceuticals
D: Delirium
R: Restricted mobility, retention
I: Infection, inflammation, impaction (fecal)
P: Polyuria, pharmaceuticals
Causes of persistent fistalae
or sinuses
TWO MAFIA
Causes of persistent fistula or sinus:
Tuberculosis, Worm (rare but occurs), Obstruction, Malignancy, Absence of rest, Foreign body, Inadequate drainage, Actinomycosis
Causes of persistent fistula or sinus:
Tuberculosis, Worm (rare but occurs), Obstruction, Malignancy, Absence of rest, Foreign body, Inadequate drainage, Actinomycosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
A+A+EARLY P
A=ANEMIA
A=ASTHENIA
A=ANOREXIA
EARLY P= EARLY ONSET PAINLESS & PROGRESSIVE JAUNDICE
THEN YOU CAN SUSPECT THE CASE TO BE CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA.
A=ANEMIA
A=ASTHENIA
A=ANOREXIA
EARLY P= EARLY ONSET PAINLESS & PROGRESSIVE JAUNDICE
THEN YOU CAN SUSPECT THE CASE TO BE CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA.
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Imagine (visualise): A Keralite is running on a MOPED, being
followed by a COP arrives at your Surgery OPD
c/f of chronic pancreatitis :MOPED
Malabsorption
Obstructive jaundice
Pain in abdomen
Exploratory laparotomy : incidentally found
Diabetes
Complications :COP
Carcinoma pancreas
Obstructive jaundice
Pseudocyst
Indications for Surgery :OPD
Obstructive jaundice
Persistent pain
Duodenal obstruction
Oh and yes chronic pancreatitis is mor common in Keralites because they eat Tapaioca {plz tell me what it is}
Interesting fact: obstructive jaundice is due to a head mass in chronic pancreatitis, a frozen section or even a true cut biopsy cannot rule out C.A Pancreas in this region . So panceato-duodenectomy is mandatory even though it is quite unlikely that the mass would be a carcinoma
c/f of chronic pancreatitis :MOPED
Malabsorption
Obstructive jaundice
Pain in abdomen
Exploratory laparotomy : incidentally found
Diabetes
Complications :COP
Carcinoma pancreas
Obstructive jaundice
Pseudocyst
Indications for Surgery :OPD
Obstructive jaundice
Persistent pain
Duodenal obstruction
Oh and yes chronic pancreatitis is mor common in Keralites because they eat Tapaioca {plz tell me what it is}
Interesting fact: obstructive jaundice is due to a head mass in chronic pancreatitis, a frozen section or even a true cut biopsy cannot rule out C.A Pancreas in this region . So panceato-duodenectomy is mandatory even though it is quite unlikely that the mass would be a carcinoma
cLEFT palate-Common on LEFT side
In gardener syndrome other
than polyps
C -CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF RPE
O -OSTEOMAS
D -DESMOID TUMOUR
E -EPIDERMOID
C -CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF RPE
O -OSTEOMAS
D -DESMOID TUMOUR
E -EPIDERMOID
Cold abscess-MALT
Cold abscess-MALT
Madura foot.
Actinomycosis.
Leprosy.
Tuberculosis.
Actinomycosis.
Leprosy.
Tuberculosis.
CRANIAL NERVE INJURY
text SUM MUST 17
12+5=17 TOWARDS PARALYSED SIDE
10+7=17 TOWARDS NORMAL SIDE
12=HYPOGLOSSAL
5=TRIGEMINAL
10=VAGUS
7= FASIAL
12+5=17 TOWARDS PARALYSED SIDE
10+7=17 TOWARDS NORMAL SIDE
12=HYPOGLOSSAL
5=TRIGEMINAL
10=VAGUS
7= FASIAL
Crohn’s extraintestinal
manifestation:
Easy Anatomy OSCE
Episcleritis,arthritis,oral ulcers,stones-renal &GB,CLUBBING,ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
Easy Anatomy OSCE
Episcleritis,arthritis,oral ulcers,stones-renal &GB,CLUBBING,ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
deodenal ulcer perforation
ADP a- anterior d- deodenal p- perforates
EXAMINATION OF A LUMP
INSPECTION - 5S MNOP
5S - site, size, shape, surface, skin
M- Margin
N- Number
O= 2C= colour, cough impulse
P= pulsatility, peristalsis
PALPATION - 2T, confirmation of INSPECTION findings, 2F 2T 2C 2P 2R 1L
2T= temperature, tenderness
2F= fluctuation, fixity
2T= transillumination, thrill
2C= consistency, compressibility
2P= pressure effects, effects of pressure
(difference between pressure effects and effects of pressure = for example a soft tissue sarcoma of the upper extremity compressing on the radial nerve causing WRIST DROP - here the effect of compressing on the mass with the examining finger = EFFECT OF PRESSURE and wrist drop = PRESSURE EFFECT)
2R= reducibility, regional examination(eg lymph nodes etc.)
1L= layer (layer=intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal or parietal)
in short
Inspection - 5S MNOP
Palpation - INSPECTION + 2(TFT CPR) + 1L
5S - site, size, shape, surface, skin
M- Margin
N- Number
O= 2C= colour, cough impulse
P= pulsatility, peristalsis
PALPATION - 2T, confirmation of INSPECTION findings, 2F 2T 2C 2P 2R 1L
2T= temperature, tenderness
2F= fluctuation, fixity
2T= transillumination, thrill
2C= consistency, compressibility
2P= pressure effects, effects of pressure
(difference between pressure effects and effects of pressure = for example a soft tissue sarcoma of the upper extremity compressing on the radial nerve causing WRIST DROP - here the effect of compressing on the mass with the examining finger = EFFECT OF PRESSURE and wrist drop = PRESSURE EFFECT)
2R= reducibility, regional examination(eg lymph nodes etc.)
1L= layer (layer=intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal or parietal)
in short
Inspection - 5S MNOP
Palpation - INSPECTION + 2(TFT CPR) + 1L
Gangrene- LOSS
Sign of gangrene- remember LOSS.
Loss of temperature,
Loss of pulsation,
Loss of sensation,
Loss of colour,
Loss of function.
Loss of temperature,
Loss of pulsation,
Loss of sensation,
Loss of colour,
Loss of function.
gardner syndrome feature..........
deaf
d.............desmoid tumour
e.............epididymal cyst
a..............ampulary carcinoma
f...............fibroma
deaf
d.............desmoid tumour
e.............epididymal cyst
a..............ampulary carcinoma
f...............fibroma
glassgow coma scale
electronic voting machine-
4,5,6 score of glass gow coma scale
eye openig-4
verbal-5
motor-6
eye openig-4
verbal-5
motor-6
Hemobilia - Triad
MOB
Malena
Obstructive jaundice
Biliary colic
MOB
Malena
Obstructive jaundice
Biliary colic
highly radiosensitive
tumor
text Learn With Semi English Medium
L- Lymphoma
W- Wilms tumour
S- Seminoma
E-Ewings sarcoma
M-Medulloblastoma
L- Lymphoma
W- Wilms tumour
S- Seminoma
E-Ewings sarcoma
M-Medulloblastoma
indications 4 dialysis
AEIOU:
ACID BASE PROBLEMS
ELECTROLTYE PROBLEMS
INTOXICATION
OVERLOAD[FLUID]
UREMIC SYSTOMS
ACID BASE PROBLEMS
ELECTROLTYE PROBLEMS
INTOXICATION
OVERLOAD[FLUID]
UREMIC SYSTOMS
indication for stone removal
POLICE
Passive - Stone is stationary
Obstruction - Stone causes obstruction
Large - stone too large to pass
Infection
Colic - repeated attack of renal colic
Enlarging - Stone is increasing in size
POLICE
Passive - Stone is stationary
Obstruction - Stone causes obstruction
Large - stone too large to pass
Infection
Colic - repeated attack of renal colic
Enlarging - Stone is increasing in size
Indications for
Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is indicated when a Tonsil 'HARMS'
H : Hypertrophy with hoarseness
A : Abscess (Peritonsillar - Quinsy)
R : Recurrent sore throat
M : Malignancy is suspected
S : Seizures (Febrile seizures due to Tonsillitis)
H : Hypertrophy with hoarseness
A : Abscess (Peritonsillar - Quinsy)
R : Recurrent sore throat
M : Malignancy is suspected
S : Seizures (Febrile seizures due to Tonsillitis)
eye signs in thyroid
disease
Jo:Joffroy sign
Dar:Darlymptes sign
Gaya:Gifford sign
Samjho:Stellwag sign
M:Moebius sign
E:Enroth sign
R:Rosenback sign
Gaya:von Grafe
Jo:Joffroy sign
Dar:Darlymptes sign
Gaya:Gifford sign
Samjho:Stellwag sign
M:Moebius sign
E:Enroth sign
R:Rosenback sign
Gaya:von Grafe
layers of scalp
|
Remember SCALP
S= Skin
C= Connective tissue (dense)
A= Aponeurosis
L= Loose connective tissue
P= Pericranium
S= Skin
C= Connective tissue (dense)
A= Aponeurosis
L= Loose connective tissue
P= Pericranium
LDH as tumor marker
L----lymphoma
D----dysgerminoma
H----haddi ka ek tumor(ewings sarcoma)
L----lymphoma
D----dysgerminoma
H----haddi ka ek tumor(ewings sarcoma)
lymphatic spread of sarcoma
RACE for MS
R habdomyosarcoma
A ngiosarcoma
C lear cell sarcoma
E pithelial sarcoma
M alignant histiosarcoma
S ynovial sarcoma
R habdomyosarcoma
A ngiosarcoma
C lear cell sarcoma
E pithelial sarcoma
M alignant histiosarcoma
S ynovial sarcoma
Lynch syndrome-CE0
Lynch syndrome-CEO,all
letters appear in the words too
C-colon carcinoma
E-endometrial carcinoma
O-ovarian carcinoma
C-colon carcinoma
E-endometrial carcinoma
O-ovarian carcinoma
migratory
thrombophlebitis
PSLV
P-Pancreatic ca.
S-Stomach ca
L-Lung ca
V-visceral ca.s in general
P-Pancreatic ca.
S-Stomach ca
L-Lung ca
V-visceral ca.s in general
most common causes of large bowel obsturction
CVD
Cancer
Volvulus
Diverticulosis
Cancer
Volvulus
Diverticulosis
Most common causes of small bowel obstruction
ADD HER NOW
ADD-Adhesion
HER-Hernia
NOW-Neoplasm
ADD-Adhesion
HER-Hernia
NOW-Neoplasm
P3 - Papillary Carcinoma
of Thyroid
|
Three Ps
- Prognosis Good
- Psamomma Bodies
- Prevalent (most common)
- Prognosis Good
- Psamomma Bodies
- Prevalent (most common)
patey mastectomy
Prime-in Patey's
MINiste R - Minor(pectoralis) R emoved..so major (pectoralis)preserved.
MINiste R - Minor(pectoralis) R emoved..so major (pectoralis)preserved.
PEAR- D/D of R.A
types of sero-negative
spondylo-arthropathies:
1.Psoriatic Arthropathy
2.Enteropathic Arthropathy
3.Ankylosing Spondylitis
4.Reactive Arthritis
1.Psoriatic Arthropathy
2.Enteropathic Arthropathy
3.Ankylosing Spondylitis
4.Reactive Arthritis
PERFORATION OF APPENDIX
|
Risk factors are-
SPIDER-
previous abdominal Surgery
Pelvic appendix
Immunosuppression
Diabetes mellitus
Extremes of age
fecolith obstRuction
SPIDER-
previous abdominal Surgery
Pelvic appendix
Immunosuppression
Diabetes mellitus
Extremes of age
fecolith obstRuction
PERFORATOR VEINS
CBD(remember common bile
duct) from below upwards...
C- cockette perforator-ankle
B-boyd perforator-knee
D-dodd perforator- mid thigh
C- cockette perforator-ankle
B-boyd perforator-knee
D-dodd perforator- mid thigh
Peutz Jeghers Syndrome
P = Peutz; Polyps
J = Jeghers; Jejunal
Peutz Jeghers syndrome is characterised by Jejunal polyps
P = Peutz; Polyps
J = Jeghers; Jejunal
Peutz Jeghers syndrome is characterised by Jejunal polyps
Pierre Robin
Syndrome(PRS)
PRS=
P- Palate cleft only
R- Respiratory obstruction(cyanotic spells)
Retracted Tongue
S- Small mandible(micrognathia)
P- Palate cleft only
R- Respiratory obstruction(cyanotic spells)
Retracted Tongue
S- Small mandible(micrognathia)
Saint's triad
DGHS[remember director general of health services]!
D,G,H--Saints triad.
D-diveticulosis
G-gall stones.
H-hiatus hernia.
D,G,H--Saints triad.
D-diveticulosis
G-gall stones.
H-hiatus hernia.
sclerosing agents
text APES
areQUte
A = Absolute alcohol
P = Polidocanal
E = Ethanolamine oleate
S = Sodium tetradecyl sulphate
Q+U= Quinine + urethane
A = Absolute alcohol
P = Polidocanal
E = Ethanolamine oleate
S = Sodium tetradecyl sulphate
Q+U= Quinine + urethane
|
SAM So Handsome s:silver
nitrate a:absolute alcholol m:mebendazole s;sterile ethanol h:hypertonic saline
REMEMBER SAM WAS AB IN MOVIE DOSTANA!!!
Sign of Acute Limb
Ischaemia
7 Ps and 2 Ms
1) Pain
2) Pallor
3) Pulseless
4) Paraesthesia
5) Paralysis
6) Perishing cold
7) Pistol shot onset
8) Mottling
9) Muscle rigidity
1) Pain
2) Pallor
3) Pulseless
4) Paraesthesia
5) Paralysis
6) Perishing cold
7) Pistol shot onset
8) Mottling
9) Muscle rigidity
Signs of Malignant Malenoma
BIS LIC
1) Bleeding
2) Increasing in size
3) Satellite lesions
4) Lymphadenopathy
5) Itching
6) Changes in pigmentation
1) Bleeding
2) Increasing in size
3) Satellite lesions
4) Lymphadenopathy
5) Itching
6) Changes in pigmentation
skin markers of internal
malignancy
B--- bullous pemphigoid
A--- acanthosis nigricans D--- dermaatomyositis M--- migratory necrolytic
erythema E--- erythema multiforme N--- nothing S--- skin mets
spleenectomy complications
GHATI:
G:gastric dilatation and fistula.
H: hemorrhage and hematemesis.
A: atelectasis of lower lobe.
T: thrombosis.
I: infection.
G:gastric dilatation and fistula.
H: hemorrhage and hematemesis.
A: atelectasis of lower lobe.
T: thrombosis.
I: infection.
Stains
PG OF VCCA
PAS= Glycogen
OIL ED O STAIN= Fats
Von Kossa=C alcium
CONGO RED= Amyloid
PAS= Glycogen
OIL ED O STAIN= Fats
Von Kossa=C alcium
CONGO RED= Amyloid
swellings which move with deglutition
SETTLE
S- subhyoidbursitis
E- ectopic thyriod
T- thyriod swellings
T- thyroglossal cyst
L- laryngocele
E- enlarged pretracheal lymphnodes which are fixed to trachea
S- subhyoidbursitis
E- ectopic thyriod
T- thyriod swellings
T- thyroglossal cyst
L- laryngocele
E- enlarged pretracheal lymphnodes which are fixed to trachea
Thrombophlebitis
throm BOPHL ebitis
B-Breast ca O-Ovarian ca P-Prostate ca HL-Lymphoma |
Thyroid blood supply wit
surgical landmark
THYROID GLAND!
Remember
" SEEN INTRA "
S- Superior thyroid
Artery is a branch of
E- External carotid
artery
E- External laryngeal
nerve passes near
d gland
N- Near d gland sup.
Thy. Arty s ligatd
IN- Inferior Thyroid
artery s a brnch of
T- Thyrocervical trunk
R- Recurrent laryngeal
nerve passes away
A- Away frm d gland
inferior thy. Arty
ligated
Remember
" SEEN INTRA "
S- Superior thyroid
Artery is a branch of
E- External carotid
artery
E- External laryngeal
nerve passes near
d gland
N- Near d gland sup.
Thy. Arty s ligatd
IN- Inferior Thyroid
artery s a brnch of
T- Thyrocervical trunk
R- Recurrent laryngeal
nerve passes away
A- Away frm d gland
inferior thy. Arty
ligated
thyroid carcinoma
ocurrence of thyroid
carcinoma in decreasing order of frequency
paillary form most abudant that is
papillary[75%-85%]
follicular[10-20%]
medullary[5%]
anaplastic[<5 b="b">
paillary form most abudant that is
papillary[75%-85%]
follicular[10-20%]
medullary[5%]
anaplastic[<5 b="b">
thyroidectomy
Thyroidectomy
RIA SEN
R-Recrnt laryngeal nerve
I-inf thyroid artery(a/w)
A-airway(ligated)
S-sup. Thyroid artery
E-ext. Laryngeal nerve(a/w)
N-near (ligated)
RIA SEN
R-Recrnt laryngeal nerve
I-inf thyroid artery(a/w)
A-airway(ligated)
S-sup. Thyroid artery
E-ext. Laryngeal nerve(a/w)
N-near (ligated)
Layers from outside to inside: SOME
DIRTY FOOLS CALL IT TESTIS !!!
S-SKIN- D-DARTOS- F-SPERMATIC FASCIA- C-EXT.CREMASTERIC FASCIA- I-INT.CREMASTERIC FASCIA- T-TINEA ALBUGINEA
S-SKIN- D-DARTOS- F-SPERMATIC FASCIA- C-EXT.CREMASTERIC FASCIA- I-INT.CREMASTERIC FASCIA- T-TINEA ALBUGINEA
traumatic spleen
signs of a traumatic
spleen - text (or KODS)
Debelt's sign
O'Conell's sign
Kehr's sign
Saeggesser's sign
Debelt's sign
O'Conell's sign
Kehr's sign
Saeggesser's sign
Trousseu's syndrom-
GopaL
:
G_i cancer
O_varian ca
PA_ncreatc ca
L_ung ca
L_ymphoma
[ trouseu's sign in teteny :) ]
:
G_i cancer
O_varian ca
PA_ncreatc ca
L_ung ca
L_ymphoma
[ trouseu's sign in teteny :) ]
Urinary Incontinence- causes
This Urine Flow is So Outrageous
Total
Urge
Functional
Stress
Overflow
Total
Urge
Functional
Stress
Overflow
" APPENDICITIS "
- Appendicitis/ Abscess
- PID/ Period
- Pancreatitis
- Ectopic/ Endometriosis
- Neoplasia
- Diverticulitis
- Intussusception
- Crohns Disease/ Cyst (ovarian)
- IBD
- Torsion (ovary)
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Peripheral vascular diseases
" ABCDEF "
- Atherosclerosis
- Buerger's disease (TAO)
- Cyanosis/ Cold agglutinin/ Connective tissue disease (Raynaud's
phenomenon)
- Deep vein phlebothrombosis
- Embolism
- inFlammation of veins
(TAO: Thromboangiitis
obliterans)
Spinal levels
L1 to
S1: "Transc.End S.N.A.Ps"
- L1: Transpyloric plane
- L2: End of Spinal cord in adults
- L3: Subcostal plane
- L4: Navel (umbilicus)
- L5: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
- S1: Pubic symphysis
Treatment options in Breast cancer
"H.E.R.O.I.C"
- Hormone therapy
- Endocrine therapy
- Radiotherapy
- Oestrogen blockers
- Immunotherapy
- Chemotherapy
Eye signs in Thyroid
disease
Eye signs in thyroid disease in the usual
pattern of appearance can be remebered as,
'NO SPECS'
- No
signs or symptoms.
- Only
signs of upperlid retraction and stare, with or without lid lag and
exophthalmos
- Soft
tissue involvement
- Proptosis
- Extraocular
muscle involvement
- Corneal
involvement
- Sight
loss due to optic nerve involvement
Proptosis is assessed using Hertel's
exophthalmometer.
Many of the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis
reflect increased sensitivity to circulating catecholamines, eg. tremor,
sweating & anxiety.
Certain eye signs are specific to Grave's
disease like proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, chemosis and periorbital edema.
Lid lag and lid retraction are commonly found
in thyrotoxicosis of any cause.
Eye signs in Liver disease
" KISS "
- KF ring
- Icterus
- Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
- Sunflower
cataract
Serum Bilirubin: Normal range
" BIlirubin "
Think BI; B=2 and I=1
Thus, the normal
value lies between 0.2-1 mg/dL.
Retroperitoneal structures
"AC/DC, Rocker Kids Party Down!"
- Ascending colon
- Descending colon
- Rectum
- Kidneys
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
Hypokalemia: causes
"BAD
LOAD"
- Barters/Conns
syndrome(hyperaldosteronism)
- Alkalosis
- Diuretics
- Laxative
abuse
- Other
causes: insulin overdose
- Acute
glucose load
- Diarrhoea
Hyperthyroidism:
clinical features
"STING"
- Sweating
- Tremor/Tachycardia
- Intolerance
to heat/Irritability/Irregular
menstruation
- Nervousness
- Goitre/Gastrointestinal
disturbances(diarrhoea)
Compensatory mechanisms in shock
Compensatory
mechanisms that 'save' or preserve blood flow to vital organs such as brain and
'heart' during shock,
"Heart SAVER"
- Sympathoadrenal system
- Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
- Vasopressin
- Endogenous digitalis like factor
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
Intubation: Essentials
" CLOSET "
- Clock
- Laryngoscope
- Oxygen
delivery system (ambu bag etc)
- Stethescope, Suction
apparatus, Scissors
and Stylet
- Endotracheal
tubes with stylet
- Tape
(a sticky tape/plaster)
Percussion notes
" THyNI
DuSt "
Read as "Tiny dust".
- Tympanic
- Hyperresonant
(pneumothorax)
- Normal
resonance/ Resonant
- Impaired
resonance(mass, consolidation)
- Dull
(consolidation)
- Stony
dull (pleural effusion)
Drugs and conditions:
when to stop before surgery?
" SEMLA 54321 "
Smoking: 5-6 weeks (atleast,
earlier the better)
Estrogen pills: 4 weeks
MAO-A irreversible
inhibitors: 3 weeks
Lithium: 2 weeks
Aspirin: 1 week
Left iliac fossa: Causes of pain
SUPER
CLOT:
- Sigmoid diverticulitis
- Ureteric colic
- PID
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Rectus sheath haematoma
- Colorectal carcinoma
- Left sided lower lobe pneumonia
- Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture)
- Threatened abortion/ Testicular
torsion
3
The Okuda Staging System for Hepatocellular
carcinoma can be remembered by the mnemonic - BATS or STAB
B = Bilirubin (Serum Total
Bilirubin)
[if < dl =" 0">
3 mg/dl = 1 pts]
A = Ascites
[if absent = 0 pts, if present
= 1 pts]
T = Tumor Size
[if <> 50% = 1 pts]
S = Serum Albumin
[if > 3 mg/dl = 0 pts, if
< 3 mg/dl = 1 pts]
Total Score = Add the points
Stage - Pts
Stage 1 = 0 pts
Stage 2 = 1 or 2 pts
Stage 3 = 3 or 4 pts
Gall
Bladder Diseases
Gall
Bladder Diseases include -
- Congenital Anomalies
- Traumatic (Perforation)
- Inflammatory / Infective
- Cholecystitis ( Acute /
Chronic, Calculous / Acalculous)
- Typhoid Gall Bladder
- Neoplastic
- Benign (Cholecystoses, GB
Polyps)
- Malignant (Gall Bladder
Cancer)
Plain X - Ray Abdomen in Gall
Bladder Diseases
An easy was to remember
findings is -
1. Gas
2. Opacity
3. Gas in Opacity
1. Gas -
- Outside Gall Bladder
(Perforation of Gall Bladder)
- In Wall of Gall Bladder
(Emphysematous Cholecystitis)
- Within Gallbladder lumen
(also Known as Pneumobilia)
(seen in Cholecystenteric
fistula, Post ERCP)
2. Opacity -
- Outside Gall Bladder
(Gallstone ileus)
- In Wall of Gall bladder
(Calcified Gallbladder)
- In lumen (Limey bile, Gall
Stones, Calcification in Tumor)
3. Gas in Opacity - Mercedez
Benz Sign / Seagull's Sign
4 A's
of Gastric Cancer
4 A's of Gastric Cancer -
1. Anorexia
2. Anaemia
3. Asthenia
4. Blood Group A
Clinical Features
of Gastric Cancer
The presentations of Gastric Cancer be remembered by the mnemonic -
LIONS
or
Silent LOIN
or
Silent LION
L = Lump
I = Insidious onset features
O = Obstructive features
N = New onset dyspepsia
S = Silent presentation (with no complaints but features of metastatic
disease such as left supraclavicular lymph node)
Zollinger Ellison
Syndrome
Clinical Triad of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
can be remembered by the mnemonic PIG
P = Peptic Ulcer Disease
I = Islet cell tumor of non-beta cells
G = Gastric acid Hypersecretion
Types of
Imperforate Anus
Imperforate Anus, depending upon the LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL, is
classified into Low-Type & High-Type.
A. Low-Type - LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL is Below Pelvic Floor
B. High-Type Imperforate Anus - LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL is Above
Pelvic Floor
Low-Type Imperforate Anus - has following subtypes that can be
remembered by the mnemonic CMEs.
[Note: CME usually stands for Continued Medical Education]
C = Covered Anus
M = Membranous Stenosis
E = Ectopic Anus
S = Stenosed Anus
High-Type Imperforate Anus - has following subtypes that can be
remembered by the mnemonic CAR.
C = Cloaca
A = Anorectal Agenesis
R = Rectal Atresia
Types of Mesenteric
Cysts
The different types of Mesenteric Cyst can be remembered by the
mnemonic - CUTE
C = Chylolymphatic cyst (Commonest)
U = Urogenital remnant cyst
T = Teratomatous / Dermoid cyst
E = Enterogenous Cyst
Causes of Lymphoedema
Causes of
lymphoedema: Can be remembered
by the common scheme CTIN
1. C = Congenital
a. Aplasia or hypoplasia of lymphatics
b. dysmotility of lymphatics with or without valvular insufficiency
2. T = Traumatic
a. Surgical Trauma (Excision of lymph nodes)
b. Radiological Trauma (Radiotherapy to lymph nodes)
c. Other Trauma (e.g. degloving injuries)
3. I = Infective
a. Parasitic (Filarasis)
b. Fungal (Tinea pedis)
4. I = Inflammatory
a. Superficial thrombophlebitis
b. Deep venous thrombosis
5. N = Neoplastic
a. Primary lymphatic malignancy
b. Metastatic infiltration of lymph nodes
Miscellaneous causes - Exposure to forgein bodies (Silica Particles)
Indications for Liver Transplantation
Indications for liver
transplanations can be remembered by the mnemonic - CAMP
C = Chronic Cirrhosis
A = Acute fulminant liver
failure
M = Metabolic liver disease
P = Primary hepatic malignancy
Size - use your hand and fingers to estimate if you
do not have a ruler with you
Surface/overlying skin
Three Cs:
Colour
Contour - is the lump well-defined or irregular
Consistency - ?soft/firm/hard
Three Ts:
Tenderness
Temperature - Is it hot/inflammed?
Transilluminable
Three Fs:
Fluctuance - ?fluid-filled cyst
Fixity - ?is it fixed to the underlying tissue or
to the overlying skin
Fields - draining lymph glands in the are
Finally, remember to check for whether the lump is:
Pulsatile (Is it an aneurysm?)
Expansile (Is it an aneurysm?)
Reducible (Is it a hernia?)
.Sterility
.Trauma
.Inguinal hernia
.Seminoma
How'll U differentiate among
urological pains?
1.Renal pain: Constant deep seated dull aching pain in the area b/w 12th rib n
iliac crest that becomes exaggerated by walking/jolting.
2.Ureteric pain: Colicky(gripping in nature comes waves with intervals) pain
felt along line of ureter from loin to groin.
3.Vesicle pain: Dull suprapubic increased by micturition/ filling of bladder,
referred to tip of penis at the end of voiding & usually associated with
strangury(painful desire to void).
4.Prostatic pain: Penetrating pain felt in perineum/rectum.
5.Urethral pain: Burning pain felt in penis/vulva & increases during
voiding.
GI bleeding: causes
ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epistaxis/ Esophageal (cancer,
esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic
bowel
Vein without valve
Functions
of lateral v/s medial pterygoid muscles
Sinuses which are drained in
Middle Meatus!
Lower limb : lumbar plexus
'' I Twice Get Laid On Fridays ''
first alphabet of each word gives u a nerve .
Illiohypogatric n.
Illioinguinal n.
Genitofemoral n.
Lateral cutaneous n.
Obturator n.
Femoral n.
or
'' 2 from 1 , 2 from 2 , 2 from 3 ''
study the diagram to understand dis one !!!
Differentials
Of "FLEA BITTEN KIDNEY"
W-
Wegener's granulomatosis
H- Henoch schonlein purpura
Drugs causing pancreatitis
(complete list)
GLAD Organ Pancreas iS Traumatised n Destroyed Very Much
Glucocorticoids
L-asparaginase
L-asparaginase
Alcohol
Diuretics
Ocp's
Pentamidine
Sulfonamides
Didanosine
Tetracyclines
Valproate
Methyldopa
Diuretics
Ocp's
Pentamidine
Sulfonamides
Didanosine
Tetracyclines
Valproate
Methyldopa
Causes of right iliac fossa mass
Cancer, Crohns
Reticulo-endothelial (lymphoma)
Appendix mass, Aspergillosis, Amoeba
Brucellosis
Ileal Tuberculosis
Fistulas that not heal due to :
Fistulas that not heal due to FRIENDS
Foreign bodies
Radiation
Infection/Inflammation
Epithelialization
Neoplasms
Distal obstruction
Short fistulas
Content
& veins draining the Cavernous Sinus with Rule of 3
3 Afferent veins:
Sphenoparietal sinus (Vault veins), Supf Middle cerebral Vein (Brain),
Ophthalmic vein (Orbit)
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic
Biliary tract Lesions:
Pain - Cholelithiasis
Pain + Pyrexia - Acute Cholecystitis
Pain + Jaundice - Choledocholithiasis
Pain + Pyrexia + Jaundice (Charcot's
triad) - Ascending Cholangitis
Ameloblastoma...definition
Causes
of asterixis (flapping tremor)
...- Barbiturate
- carbamazepine
FAILED :
- respiratory failure
- liver failure
- renal failure
Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]]
- hypoglycemia
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia
Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]]
- intracerebral hemorrhage
- subarachinoid hemorrhage
- subdural hematoma
causes
of painful mouth :
M (miscellaneous)
-------Trauma
-------Leukoplakia
I (infection)
-------Fungal >>> candida
-------Viral >>> HSV, coxsackie A
S (systemic disorder)
-------Food : Iron, folate, vit B12 def
-------GIT : IBD, celiac, Behcet
-------Blood : Leukemia, leucopenia
S (skin disorder)
-------Lichen planus
-------Erythema multiform
-------pemphigus
Hepatic
Encephalopathy
HEPATICUS
Haemorrhage,
Electrolye imbalance (↓K+ alkalosis),
protein XS (↑NH4+ XS),
Alcohol/ Analgesics,
Trauma,
Infxn,
Constipation,
Uraemia,
Surgery (post systemic shunt)
Haemorrhage,
Electrolye imbalance (↓K+ alkalosis),
protein XS (↑NH4+ XS),
Alcohol/ Analgesics,
Trauma,
Infxn,
Constipation,
Uraemia,
Surgery (post systemic shunt)
Complications
of Block dissection (Neck)
Dr.HIL,FRCS
Dr-Drooping
of shoulder
H-Haemorrhage
I-Infection
L-Lymph ooze
F-Frozen shoulder(common)
R-Rarely pneumothorax &chylous fistula
C-Carotid blow out
S-Seroma & Flap necrosis..
Complications of herniorrhaphy :
HERNIO
Haemorrhage, Haematoma, Haemotocele, Hydrocele
Edema (penile edema) - rare
Recurrence
Neuralgia due to injury to ilioinguinal nerve causing hyperaesthesia over medial side of inguinal canal
Infection, Injury to urinary bladder /bowel
Osteitis pubis
Haemorrhage, Haematoma, Haemotocele, Hydrocele
Edema (penile edema) - rare
Recurrence
Neuralgia due to injury to ilioinguinal nerve causing hyperaesthesia over medial side of inguinal canal
Infection, Injury to urinary bladder /bowel
Osteitis pubis
Rolling
hernia (Paraoesophageal hernia) : clinical features
ABCDEFGH
Abdominal pain
Bloating (post prandial bloating)
Chest pain, Cardiac abnormality (arrhythmia)
Dysphagia , Dyspnoea
Elderly (common)
Features with Gangrene/bleeding/perforation
Hiccough
Abdominal pain
Bloating (post prandial bloating)
Chest pain, Cardiac abnormality (arrhythmia)
Dysphagia , Dyspnoea
Elderly (common)
Features with Gangrene/bleeding/perforation
Hiccough
Causes
of cholangitis
ABCD
Ampullary stenosis (less common)
Biliary stricture
Cancer (Neoplasms account for 15%)Choledocholithiasis, Chronic pancreatitis, Clonorchis sinensis (parasitic),
Duodenal diverticulum
Adductor
Magnus innervation :
AM SO..!!
Adductor Magnus innervated by Sciatic and Obturator
Adductor Magnus innervated by Sciatic and Obturator
Elbow
: muscles that flex it.
Three B's bend the elbow
Biceps
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Biceps
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Elbow
: which side has common flexor origin
FM
Flexor Medial, so common flexor origin is on the medial side
Flexor Medial, so common flexor origin is on the medial side
Biceps
brachii muscle
"You walk shorter to a street corner. You ride longer
on a superhighway"
Short head : orginates from Coracoid process
Long head : originates from Supraglenoid cavity
Short head : orginates from Coracoid process
Long head : originates from Supraglenoid cavity
Serratus
Anterior - innervation
SALT
Serratus Anterior - Long Thoracic
Serratus Anterior - Long Thoracic
Side
effects of carbimazole
LMNOP
Liver dysfunction, Lymphadenopathy
Myalgia
Neuritis
Occasional agranulocytosis (<1 200="200" br="br" cases="cases" in="in"> Psychosis
Liver dysfunction, Lymphadenopathy
Myalgia
Neuritis
Occasional agranulocytosis (<1 200="200" br="br" cases="cases" in="in"> Psychosis
Quick
Peritoneum Facts
The idea is
to relate key letters of related parts. E.g., stomach and omentum (which lays
over the stomach) share the letters OM.
- The bacterium E. coli is
found in Everybody's Colon
- The Omentum covers the stomach
- The Lesser Omentum holds
the Liver and stomach
- The Mesentery holds the small
intestine
- The mesoCOLON attaches
the large intestine (colon) to the posterior abdominal wall
- The PERITONEUM, holds PERson's
Intestines To Nearest wall.
Brachial
plexus:
Branches
of posterior cord
" ULTRA "
" ULTRA "
- Upper
subscapular nerve
- Lower
subscapular nerve
- Thoracodorsal
nerve
- Radial
nerve
- Axillary
nerve
Branches of lateral cord
"LML"
- Lateral pectoral nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Lateral root of median
nerve
Branches of Medical Cord
M4U
Medial Pectoral nerve,
Medial Cutaneous N. of Arm,
Medial Cutaneous N. of Forearm,
Medial root of Median N.
Ulnar Nerve
Medial
malleolus: order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it
"Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry":
· From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
Digitorum
Artery
Nerve
Hallicus
· Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus Longus.
· From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
Digitorum
Artery
Nerve
Hallicus
· Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus Longus.
Sperm
pathway through male reproductive tract
SEVEN
UP:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
Spleen: dimensions, weight,
surface anatomy
"1,3,5,7,9,11":
Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Weight is 7 ounces.
It underlies ribs 9 through 11.
Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Weight is 7 ounces.
It underlies ribs 9 through 11.
Portal hypertension: features
ABCDE:
Ascites
Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)
Caput medusae
Diminished liver
Enlarged spleen
Hyperthyroidism: signs and
symptoms
THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhoea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhoea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss
Broad
ligament: contents
BROAD:
Bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle)
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Artefacts (vestigial structures)
Duct (oviduct)
Bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle)
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Artefacts (vestigial structures)
Duct (oviduct)
Local
signs of a traumatic spleen
"DOKS"
- Debelt's sign
- O'Connel's sign
- Kehr's sign
- Saegesser's sign
Or, "SKODa"
O'Connel's
sign: It is Kehr's sign elicited with patient in Trendelenburg position. As it
is usually becomes positive before the Kehr's sign, it is at times recommended
to elicit O'Connel's sign as well.
Kehr's sign: Pain in the left shoulder caused by irritation
of the undersurface of the diaphragm by blood leaking from a ruptured spleen.
The pain impulses are referred along the phrenic nerve.
Saegesser's sign: Compression of phrenic point (along the
border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 2-4 cm above the clavicle) causes
sudden contraction of homolateral hemidiaphragm and severe pain along the
lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle. It indicates a rupture or
intracapsular bleeding of the spleen.
Genu
valgum vs. genu varum
Genu valGUM (knock-knee): knees are GUMmed
together.
· Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.
· Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.
Acute ischemia: signs
[especially limbs]
6 P's:
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold
Diaphragm apertures: Spinal
levels
"AEI-OU"
Aorta: T12
Esophagus: T10
Inferior Vene cava: T8
OU can be used to remember that its On moving Up from T12.
Or,
"Voice Of America"
In order, from lower to higher vertebral levels
Aorta: T12
Esophagus: T10
Inferior Vene cava: T8
OU can be used to remember that its On moving Up from T12.
Or,
"Voice Of America"
In order, from lower to higher vertebral levels
Bifurcation vertebral landmarks
A
bifurcation occurs on 4th level of each vertebral column:
C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery
T4: bifurcation of trachea
L4: bifurcation of aorta
C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery
T4: bifurcation of trachea
L4: bifurcation of aorta
External
jugular vein: tributaries
PAST:
Posterior external jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Suprascapular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Posterior external jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Suprascapular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Palmaris
longus: location, relative to wrist nerves
"The Palmaris between two Palmars":
Palmaris longus is between the Palmar cutaneous branch of Ulnar nerve and Palmar cutaneous branch of Median nerve.
Palmaris longus is between the Palmar cutaneous branch of Ulnar nerve and Palmar cutaneous branch of Median nerve.
Tibia
vs. fibula: sizes
The Fibula is thin like a Flute.
The Tibia is thick like a Tuba.
Cranial
bones
"PEST OF 6":
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
· The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
· The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.
THROMBOSIS
Causes of DVT
Trauma,
Hormones-OCP'S
Road traffic accidents,
Operations-cholecystectomy,
Malignancy,
Blood disorders-polycythemia,
Obesity,Old age,Orthopedic surgery,
Serious illness,
Immobilisation,
Splenctomy.
Trauma,
Hormones-OCP'S
Road traffic accidents,
Operations-cholecystectomy,
Malignancy,
Blood disorders-polycythemia,
Obesity,Old age,Orthopedic surgery,
Serious illness,
Immobilisation,
Splenctomy.
8
C's of cholangiocarcinoma(risk factors)
Caroli's disease
Choledochal cyst
Colitis(ulcerative colitis)
Cholangitis(sclerosing)
Clonorchis sinensis
Cong.hepatic fibrosis
C/c typhoid carrier state
Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.
Choledochal cyst
Colitis(ulcerative colitis)
Cholangitis(sclerosing)
Clonorchis sinensis
Cong.hepatic fibrosis
C/c typhoid carrier state
Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.
Abdominal muscles
"Spare
TIRE around their abdomen":
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
CREST
syndrome: components
CREST:
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangectasia
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangectasia
Hodgkin's
lymphoma classification
A: Asymptomatic
B: Bad
B: Bad
Thyroid storm characteristics
"Storm
HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at childbirth
Trauma
Surgery
· girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
· cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at childbirth
Trauma
Surgery
· girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
· cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)
Calculi: types
CACU:
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid
Thyroid carcinoma: features,
prognosis of most popular
Most Popular
is Papillary.
· Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
· Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%)
· Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
· Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%)
Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf
Buerger's disease features
"burger
SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Raynaud's phenomenon
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
Superficial nodular phlebitis
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
Superficial nodular phlebitis
Carpal
bones
She Looks Too Pretty. Try
To Catch Her '
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetral
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
Also 'lmd'
for remembering the 3 carpals beginning with T.
The carpus is made up of 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows. The proximal row is comprised of (from lateral to medial aspect): the scaphoid, the lunate, the triquetral and the pisiform. The distal row has in the same order: the trapezium, the trapezoid, the capitate and the hamate carpal bones.
The carpus is made up of 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows. The proximal row is comprised of (from lateral to medial aspect): the scaphoid, the lunate, the triquetral and the pisiform. The distal row has in the same order: the trapezium, the trapezoid, the capitate and the hamate carpal bones.
Erector
spinae muscles
"I Long for Spinach"
From lateral to medial, the muscles forming erector spinae are:
From lateral to medial, the muscles forming erector spinae are:
- Illiocostalis
- Longissimus
- Spinalis
Inguinal canal: walls
"MALT:
2M, 2A, 2L, 2T":
· Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior:
Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles:
· internal oblique Muscle
· transverse abdominus Muscle
Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:
· Aponeurosis of external oblique
· Aponeurosis of internal oblique
Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments:
· inguinal Ligament
· lacunar Ligament
Posterior wall: 2Ts:
· Transversalis fascia
· conjoint Tendon
· Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior:
Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles:
· internal oblique Muscle
· transverse abdominus Muscle
Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:
· Aponeurosis of external oblique
· Aponeurosis of internal oblique
Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments:
· inguinal Ligament
· lacunar Ligament
Posterior wall: 2Ts:
· Transversalis fascia
· conjoint Tendon
Femoral
artery deep branches
"Put My Leg Down Please":
Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery)
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending genicular arteries
Perforating arteries
Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery)
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending genicular arteries
Perforating arteries
Elbow
joint: radius vs. ulna ends
CRAzy TULips:
Capitalum = Radius
Trochlear = ULnar
Intrinsic
muscles of hand (palmar surface)
"All
For One And One For All":
· Thenar:
Abductor pollicis longus
· Thenar:
Abductor pollicis longus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis.
· Hypothenar:
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis.
· Hypothenar:
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
highly radiosensitive tumours
Learn With Semi English Medium
L- Lymphoma
W- Wilms tumour
S- Seminoma
E-Ewings sarcoma
M-Medulloblastoma
L- Lymphoma
W- Wilms tumour
S- Seminoma
E-Ewings sarcoma
M-Medulloblastoma
glassgow coma scale
electronic voting machine- 4,5,6 score of glass gow coma
scale
eye openig-4
verbal-5
motor-6
eye openig-4
verbal-5
motor-6
AUTOSOMAL:DOMINANT
AND RECESSIVE
dominant n recessive disorders....
a very easy way to memorise few im. ones...
(1)AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT....
D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.
O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
M= Marfans syndrome.
I= Intermittent Porphyria.
N= Noonans Symdrome.
A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
N= Neurofibromatosis.
T= Tuberous sclerosis.
(2)AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE :
A= Albinism.
B= beta thalessemia.
C= Cystic Fibrosis.
D= Deafness.
E= Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).
F= Friedrichs ataxia.
G= Gauchers disease.
H= Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.
a very easy way to memorise few im. ones...
(1)AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT....
D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.
O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
M= Marfans syndrome.
I= Intermittent Porphyria.
N= Noonans Symdrome.
A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
N= Neurofibromatosis.
T= Tuberous sclerosis.
(2)AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE :
A= Albinism.
B= beta thalessemia.
C= Cystic Fibrosis.
D= Deafness.
E= Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).
F= Friedrichs ataxia.
G= Gauchers disease.
H= Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.
ABC's
of Trauma
Aortic Transection
Bronchial fracture
Cord injury (Thoracic spine)
Diaphragmatic rupture
Esophageal tear
Flail chest
Gas (subtle pneumothorax)
Heart (Cardiac injury)
Iatrogenic (Misplaced monitoring & support catheters)
Bronchial fracture
Cord injury (Thoracic spine)
Diaphragmatic rupture
Esophageal tear
Flail chest
Gas (subtle pneumothorax)
Heart (Cardiac injury)
Iatrogenic (Misplaced monitoring & support catheters)
6-S's for Etiology of CA Tongue
Spices
Spirits
Smoking
Sharp Pointed Teeth
Syphilis
Sepsis
Spirits
Smoking
Sharp Pointed Teeth
Syphilis
Sepsis
Abdominal aortic aneurysm:
genetic component
AAA (3
A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III
procollagen.
Surgical discharge checklist
FLAG
COUP:
Lucid
Ambulatory
GP letter sent
CVS checked (BP, pulse
Operation site OK
Urinating OK
Prescription
Lucid
Ambulatory
GP letter sent
CVS checked (BP, pulse
Operation site OK
Urinating OK
Prescription
Inguinal mass: differential
"Hernias
Very Much Like To Swell":
Hernias (inguinal, femoral)
Vascular (femoral aneurysm, sapheno varyx)
Muscle (psoas abscess)
Lymph nodes
Testicle (ectopic, undescended)
Hernias (inguinal, femoral)
Vascular (femoral aneurysm, sapheno varyx)
Muscle (psoas abscess)
Lymph nodes
Testicle (ectopic, undescended)
TPN
indications
"MISIPPI Burning":
Major visceral injury
IBD
Sepsis
Ileus
Post-op
Paralysis
Intestinal fistula
Burns
Major visceral injury
IBD
Sepsis
Ileus
Post-op
Paralysis
Intestinal fistula
Burns
Examination
of 'lumps and swellings'
"6 Students
and 3 Teachers went for CAMPFIRE":
- Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar
- Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination
- Consistency
- Attachment
- Mobility
- Pulsation
- Fluctuation
- Irreducibility
- Regional lymph nodes
- Edge
Varicose veins: symptoms
AEIOU:
Aching
Eczema
Itching
Oedema
Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS, haemosiderin, varicosities)
Aching
Eczema
Itching
Oedema
Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS, haemosiderin, varicosities)
Hernias:
abdominal wall: pelvic
The end products of metabolism that are released through the
pelvis, are "Pig Or Swine":
Perineal hernia
Obturator hernia
Sciatic hernia
Perineal hernia
Obturator hernia
Sciatic hernia
Intubation:
Essentials
CLOSET "
- Clock
- Laryngoscope
- Oxygen
delivery system (ambu bag etc)
- Stethescope,
Suction apparatus, Scissors and Stylet
- Endotracheal
tubes with stylet
- Tape
(a sticky tape/plaster)
Abdomen:
inspection
5 S's:
Size
Shape
Scars
Skin lesions
Stoma
Size
Shape
Scars
Skin lesions
Stoma
Oedema
causes: localised
ALIVE:
Allergic (angio-oedema)
Lymphatic (elephantiasis)
Inflammatory (infection, injury)
VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficienc
Allergic (angio-oedema)
Lymphatic (elephantiasis)
Inflammatory (infection, injury)
VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficienc
Haematocele: etiology
3T's
and 2 H's:
Tumor
Torsion
Trauma
Hydrocele as a complication
Haemophilia (blood diseases)
Tumor
Torsion
Trauma
Hydrocele as a complication
Haemophilia (blood diseases)
Hernias:
abdominal wall: lumbar triangles (with eponyms)
PIGS:
Petit aka Inferior lumbar triangle
Grynfelt aka Superior lumbar triangle
Petit aka Inferior lumbar triangle
Grynfelt aka Superior lumbar triangle
Swollen
leg: unilateral swelling causes
TV BAIL:
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker's cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker's cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema
Deltoid:
proximal attachments
Deltoid CLASPs:
Clavicle, Acromion and Spine of the scapula.
Clavicle, Acromion and Spine of the scapula.
Heart
valves: order in circuit
"First learn a Tricycle, then learn a Bicycle":
Flow through Tricuspid first, then Bicuspid.
Flow through Tricuspid first, then Bicuspid.
Lung
lobes: one having lingula, lobe numbers
Lingula is on Left.
The lingula is like an atrophied lobe, so the left lung must have 2 "other" lobes, and therefore right lung has 3 lobes.
The lingula is like an atrophied lobe, so the left lung must have 2 "other" lobes, and therefore right lung has 3 lobes.
Extraocular muscles: movements
"ObliqLiques
cause lateral rotation of eyeball":
· Obliques cause lateral, all other rectii are medial rotators of the eyeball.
Action of the obliques is opposite to their names.
Action of the rectii is rightly fitting to their names.
Both superiors cause intorsion and both inferiors cause extorsion.
· Obliques cause lateral, all other rectii are medial rotators of the eyeball.
Action of the obliques is opposite to their names.
Action of the rectii is rightly fitting to their names.
Both superiors cause intorsion and both inferiors cause extorsion.
Arm fractures: nerves affected
by humerus fracture location
ARM fracture:
· From superior to inferior:
Axillary: head of humerus
Radial: mid shaft
Median: supracondular
· From superior to inferior:
Axillary: head of humerus
Radial: mid shaft
Median: supracondular
Hand
fractures: Colle's vs. Smith's
Colle's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'C'
shape.
Smith's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'S' shape.
Smith's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'S' shape.
Supination vs. pronation
"SOUPination":
Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup.
"POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
· Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a donation.
"POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
· Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a donation.
Tibia:
muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side)
"A Girl between Two Surgeons":
Gracilus is between
Sartorius and
Semitendonosus
Gracilus is between
Sartorius and
Semitendonosus
Scalp:
nerve supply
GLASS:
Greater occipital/ Greater auricular
Lesser occipital
Auriculotemporal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Greater occipital/ Greater auricular
Lesser occipital
Auriculotemporal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Bell's palsy: symptoms
BELL'S
Palsy:
Blink reflex abnormal
Earache
Lacrimation [deficient, excess]
Loss of taste
Sudden onset
Palsy of VII nerve muscles
Earache
Lacrimation [deficient, excess]
Loss of taste
Sudden onset
Palsy of VII nerve muscles
Coelic trunk: branches
Left Hand Side (LHS):
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Vagal nerve: path into thorax
Vagus
nerve, unlike phrenic, continues through diaphragm with esophagus--it is "Not
Left Behind":
· The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior [behind].
· The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior [behind].
Carpal
tunnel syndrome: causes
TRAMP:
Trauma (occupational)
Rheumatiod arthritis
Acromegaly
Myxoedema
Pregnancy
· Alternatively: ARMPIT to include Idiopathic.
Trauma (occupational)
Rheumatiod arthritis
Acromegaly
Myxoedema
Pregnancy
· Alternatively: ARMPIT to include Idiopathic.
Foramen
ovale contents
OVALE:
Otic ganglion (just inferior)
V3 cranial nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary
Otic ganglion (just inferior)
V3 cranial nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary
Ossification ages
"Every
Potential Anatomist Should Know When"
· When they ossify, in order of increasing year:
Elbow: 16 years
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
Shoulder, Knee: 18 years
Wrist: 19 years
· When they ossify, in order of increasing year:
Elbow: 16 years
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
Shoulder, Knee: 18 years
Wrist: 19 years
Brachial
artery is medial to biceps tendon
"BAMBI":
Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.
Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.
Eye
rotation by oblique muscles
"I Like Sweet Music":
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation.
Superior oblique: Medial eye rotation.
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation.
Superior oblique: Medial eye rotation.
Ear:
bones of inner ear
Take a Hammer: Malleus
Hit an Indian Elephant: Incus
It puts its foot in a stirrup: Stapes
· Describes the shape, and relative position (from out to in) of the inner ear bones.
· Alternatively: "Mailing Includes Stamps".
Hit an Indian Elephant: Incus
It puts its foot in a stirrup: Stapes
· Describes the shape, and relative position (from out to in) of the inner ear bones.
· Alternatively: "Mailing Includes Stamps".
Leg:
anterior muscles of leg
"The Hospitals Are Not Dirty
Places":
T: Tibialis anterior
H: extensor Hallucis longus
A: anterior tibial Artery
N: deep fibular Nerve
D: extensor Digitorum longus
P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]
T: Tibialis anterior
H: extensor Hallucis longus
A: anterior tibial Artery
N: deep fibular Nerve
D: extensor Digitorum longus
P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]
Cubital
fossa contents
MBBR:
· From medial to lateral:
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps tendon
Radial nerve
· From medial to lateral:
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps tendon
Radial nerve
Axillary
artery branches
"Some Times Life Seems A
Pain".
Superior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Superior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Thoracoacromial
artery branches
ABCD:
Acromial
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid
Acromial
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid
Tarsal
tunnel: contents
"Tiny Dogs Are Not Hunters":
· From superior to inferior:
T: Tibialis posterior
F: flexor Digitorum longus
A: posterior tibial Artery
N: tibial Nerve
H: flexor Hallucis longus
· From superior to inferior:
T: Tibialis posterior
F: flexor Digitorum longus
A: posterior tibial Artery
N: tibial Nerve
H: flexor Hallucis longus
Superior
mediastinum contents
"BATS & TENT":
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
Superior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
Superior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct
Cavernous
sinus contents
O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.
You might also like:
Bronchopulmonary
segments of right lung
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little
Palm":
· In order from superior to inferior:
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
Superior
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
· In order from superior to inferior:
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
Superior
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
Spinal
cord: length in vertebral column
SCULL:
Spinal Cord Until L2 (LL).
Spinal Cord Until L2 (LL).
Femoral hernia: epidemiology
FEMoral hernias are more common in FEMales.
Horner's
syndrome components
SPAM:
Sunken eyeballs/ Symphathetic plexus (cervical) affected
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
Sunken eyeballs/ Symphathetic plexus (cervical) affected
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
Cartilage
derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch (mandibular)
"I'M A Smart Single Guy"
(or Girl):
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
Spine of sphenoid
Sphenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
Spine of sphenoid
Sphenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible
Facial nerve branches
"Ten
Zombies Bought Maruti Car":
· From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
· From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Internal
iliac artery: posterior branch
SLIP:
Superior gluteal
Lateral sacral
Iliolumbar
Posterior branch
Superior gluteal
Lateral sacral
Iliolumbar
Posterior branch
Obturator
canal: relations of structures
"Who's flying in the top of Obturator canal? Obviously
Not A Vein!":
Obturator
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Obturator
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Carotid
sheath contents
"I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Axillary
artery branches
"Send The Lord to Say A
Prayer":
· From proximal to distal:
Superior thoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
· From proximal to distal:
Superior thoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Deltoid:
Proximal attachments
Deltoid CLASs:
- Clavicle
- Acromion
- Spine
of the scapula.
Brachial
artery: recurrent and collateral branches
"I Am Pretty Smart".
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
Serratus
anterior: Innervation and Action
"SALT- 567"
- Serratus Anterior is innervated by Long Thoracic nerve which
arises from the roots- C5,
C6, and C7.
Or, "5, 6, 7- Raise your wings up to heaven"
The nerve to serratus anterior is a branch of the brachial
plexus and arises from the roots C5, 6, 7.
Winging of scapula is a condition in which the medial border
of a person's scapula is abnormally positioned outward and backward. The
resulting appearance of the upper back is said to be wing-like as the inferior
angle of the shoulder blade protrudes backward rather than remaining almost
flat as in normal people.
Foramen
ovale contents
MALE:
Mandibular nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
Alternatively: also include Motor root of Trigeminal and Middle meningeal vein under 'M'.
Mandibular nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
Alternatively: also include Motor root of Trigeminal and Middle meningeal vein under 'M'.
Rotator
cuff muscles
Clockwise from top, ' SItS '
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- teres minor
- Subscapularis
The small
letter ' t ' hints that its for teres ' minor ' .
(To place the 2 S' vertically right is easy as ' Supra ' means 'on top' and so the first S is of supraspinatus.)
And remember 'aeei' (Hey!) for their actions
(To place the 2 S' vertically right is easy as ' Supra ' means 'on top' and so the first S is of supraspinatus.)
And remember 'aeei' (Hey!) for their actions
Extraocular muscles cranial
nerve innervation
"LR6SO4
rest 3":
Lateral Rectus is 6th
Superior Oblique is 4th
rest are all 3rd cranial nerve
Lateral Rectus is 6th
Superior Oblique is 4th
rest are all 3rd cranial nerve
Serratus
anterior: innervation
SALT:
Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
Diaphragm:
Nerve supply
"3 from 3"
Think: 3 roots from C3 ie., C3, C4 (dominant) and C5.
These nerve roots unite to form the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm.
Damage to the phrenic nerve will thus lead to diaphragmatic paralysis.
Also,
Think: 3 roots from C3 ie., C3, C4 (dominant) and C5.
These nerve roots unite to form the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm.
Damage to the phrenic nerve will thus lead to diaphragmatic paralysis.
Also,
- C 3,4,5
keeps the diaphragm alive!
Portal-systemic
anastomoses: main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic
RetroPeritoneals hook up with Renal and
Paravertebral veins.
Vagus
nerve: path into thorax
"I Left my Aunt in Vegas":
Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.
Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.
Descending
abdominal aorta: seven divisions
"Sometimes Intestines Get Really
Stretched Causing Leakage":
Suprarenals [paired]
Inferior mesenteric
Gonadal [paired]
Renals [paired]
Superior mesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar [paired]
Suprarenals [paired]
Inferior mesenteric
Gonadal [paired]
Renals [paired]
Superior mesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar [paired]
Autonomics
to the gut
"The PARAsympathetics follow a rule of TWO"
[pair = two]:
· The vagus does the top, the sacral splanchnics the outflow tract.
"The sympathetics follow a rule of threes":
· Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves go to the celiac,superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion.
· The vagus does the top, the sacral splanchnics the outflow tract.
"The sympathetics follow a rule of threes":
· Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves go to the celiac,superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion.
Cubital
fossa contents
My Blood Turns Red '
From medial to lateral:
From medial to lateral:
- Median nerve
- Brachial artery (its Blood)
- Tendon of Biceps
- Radial nerve
The brachial
artery is auscultated in cubital fossa when the arterial pressure is being
taken using a sphygmomanometer.
External
carotid artery branches
"Sister Lucy's Powdered Face
Often Attracts Silly Medicos":
· Before entering the parotid gland:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Posterior auricular
Facial
Occipital
Ascending pharyngeal
· Ends as:
Superficial temporal and
Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland
· Before entering the parotid gland:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Posterior auricular
Facial
Occipital
Ascending pharyngeal
· Ends as:
Superficial temporal and
Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland
Inversion
and Eversion muscles of leg
Think: Inversion and Eversion muscles of leg follow the "Second letter rule".
Eversion muscles:
Eversion muscles:
- pErineus longus
- pErineus brevis
- pErineus terius
Inversion muscles:
- tIbialis anterior
- tIbialis posterior
Thoracic
cage: relations to the important venous structures
Behind the sternoclavicular joints: the
brachiocephalic veins begin.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.
First
branchial arch: Overview
"The First arch IMPACTS!"
Most of the aspects associated with the first arch begin with the letter 'M' and the rest with I, P, A, C, T or S!
1. Name
Most of the aspects associated with the first arch begin with the letter 'M' and the rest with I, P, A, C, T or S!
1. Name
- It is
also known as the Mandibular
arch.
2. Muscles
Branchial arches are mesodermal thickenings in the wall of
the cranial most part of the foregut.
First arch (mandibular arch) is the only arch in human
embryo having double innervation; chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve) is
the pretrematic nerve and mandibular nerve is the post trematic nerve.
Spermatic
cord contents
"3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other
things":
3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric.
3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics.
3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics.
· Note some argument about this: Moore doesn't put in cremasteric nerve, Lumley puts in inguinal..
3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric.
3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics.
3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics.
· Note some argument about this: Moore doesn't put in cremasteric nerve, Lumley puts in inguinal..
Cartilage
of Second branchial arch: Derivatives
'5 S' :
- Stapes
- Styloid process
- Stylohyoid ligament
- Smaller (lesser) cornu of
hyoid
- Superior part of body of
hyoid
Its cartilage of the third arch that forms greater cornu of
hyoid and lower part of body of hyoid.
Menisci
attachments in knee
"Each meniscus has something attached to it":
The medial meniscus has the medial collateral ligament.
The lateral meniscus is attached to the popliteal muscle.
The medial meniscus has the medial collateral ligament.
The lateral meniscus is attached to the popliteal muscle.
Median
and ulnar nerves: common features
Each supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus.
Each supplies 2 lumbricals.
Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely.
Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar].
Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres].
Each has no branches in upper arm.
Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist.
Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].
Each supplies 2 lumbricals.
Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely.
Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar].
Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres].
Each has no branches in upper arm.
Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist.
Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].
Femoral
triangle: Boundaries
"Femoral triangle is shaped like a SAIL":
- Sartorius
- Aductor longus
- Inguinal Ligament
Anterior
forearm muscles: superficial group
There are five, like five digits of your hand.
Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as shown in diagram.
Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/fail]:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Your thumb below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum superficialis.
Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as shown in diagram.
Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/fail]:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Your thumb below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum superficialis.
Joints
in the midline
"SC":
In medial line, below Second Cervical, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC.
· Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.
In medial line, below Second Cervical, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC.
· Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.
Structures
passing deep to flexor retinaculum
"SPM Fully Boring"
- Flexor
digitorum Superficialis
tendon
- Flexor
digitorum Profundus
tendon
- Median nerve
- Flexor poLLicis longus
- Radial
bursa and ulnar bursa
Female
pelvic organs' blood supply
"3 organs, each get 2 blood
supplies":
Uterus: uterine, vaginal.
Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal].
Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.
Uterus: uterine, vaginal.
Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal].
Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.
Foramen
rotundum
"Foramen rotundum is MAXimally
rounded"
- Foramen
rotundum is round
or circular in adults.
- Maxillary nerve is the
structure that passes through it.
'Rotundum'
is a latin word which means either a circle or a sphere.
Maxillary nerve is one of the three branches of trigeminal
nerve (cranial nerve V) and lies between the other two branches ie., opthalmic
nerve and mandibular nerve.
Pharynx:
Nerve supply
"GLOSSY is the
latest STYLE"
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
supplies stylopharyngeus
muscle.
Glossopharyngeal
nerve is cranial nerve IX.
All muscles of pharynx are supplied by pharyngeal plexus
except for stylopharyngeus muscle which is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve.
3.5
Lumbar
plexus roots
"2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3":
2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1).
2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3).
2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).
2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1).
2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3).
2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).
Internal
auditory meatus: Structures passing through
I am 78 Inches Lady "
- 7th cranial nerve
- 8th cranial nerve
- Nervus intermedius
- Labrynthine vessels
"I am" stands
for Internal auditory (acoustic) meatus.
The nervus
intermedius is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between
the it's motor component and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).
Plantar
flexion
Plantar flexion occurs when you squish a Plant
with your foot.
L4
landmark: 2 items
"B4U" [before you]:
Bifurcation of aorta
L4
Umbilicus
Bifurcation of aorta
L4
Umbilicus
Posterior
mediastinum: Contents
"DATES"
- Descending aorta
- Azygous vein and
hemiazygous vein
- Thoracic duct
- Esophagus
- Sympathetic trunk/ ganglia
Deep
tendon reflexes: root supply
"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8":
S1-2: ankle
L3-4: knee
C5-6: biceps, supinator
C7-8: triceps
S1-2: ankle
L3-4: knee
C5-6: biceps, supinator
C7-8: triceps
Inferior
vena cava: tributaries
I Like To Rise So High"
- Illiacs
- Lumbar
- Testicular
- Renal
- Suprarenal
- Hepatic vein
Think of IVC
always wanting to rise up, to the heart.
Perineal vs. peroneal
Perineal
is in between the legs.
Peroneal is on the leg.
Peroneal is on the leg.
Median
nerve: Supply to hand
Median nerve innervates the
LOAF muscles"
- Lumbricals 1 & 2
- Opponens pollicis
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Flexor pollics brevis
Soleus
vs. gastrocnemius muscle function
"Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas":
You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture.
Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement
You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture.
Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement
Thoracic
duct: which half of upper body does it drain
Know drains all of lower body, but was it the right or the
left part of the upper body?
Answer: its Lymph from the Left of the upper body.
Answer: its Lymph from the Left of the upper body.
Thyroid: isthmus location
"Rings
2,3,4 make the isthmus floor":
Isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2,3,4
Isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2,3,4
Pectoral
nerves: Lateral vs Medial
"Lateral
Less, Medial More"
- Lateral
pectoral nerve goes only through pectoralis major muscle
- Medial
pectoral nerve goes through both pectoralis major
and pectoralis minor muscle
Elbow:
muscles that flex it
Three B's Bend the elBow:
Brachialis
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Brachialis
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Extensor
expansion location in the hand
The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal
phalynX
Brachioradialis:
function, innervation, one relation, one attachment
BrachioRadialis:
Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer.
Innervation: Breaks Rule: it's a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis).
Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa.
Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.
Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer.
Innervation: Breaks Rule: it's a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis).
Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa.
Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.
Flexor
digitorum muscles: how they insert onto fingers
Superficialis Splits in two,
To Permit Profundus Passing through.
To Permit Profundus Passing through.
Carpal
bone having the hook
The Hamate has the Hook.
Vertebrae:
recognizing a thoracic from lumbar
Examine vertebral body shape:
Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.
Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.
Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.
Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.
Lung
lobe numbers: right vs. left
Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both
on the right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.
Kidney
hilums at transpyloric plane [L1]
L-1 goes through hilum of only 1 kidney, and
it's the Left one
Face
muscles: large muscle groups' cranial innervation
Mandibular nerve: Mastication.
Facial nerve: Facial expression.
Facial nerve: Facial expression.
Pterygoid
muscles: function of lateral vs. medial
"Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first
syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ":
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.
Foramen
spinosum: location on base of skull
Foramen spinosum is adjacent to the spine of
sphenoid.
Duodenum:
lengths of parts
"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":
1st part: 2 inches
2nd part: 3 inches
3rd part: 4 inches
4th part: 1 inch
1st part: 2 inches
2nd part: 3 inches
3rd part: 4 inches
4th part: 1 inch
Oblique
muscles: direction of externals vs. internals
"Hands in your pockets":
When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards midline.
· Note: "oblique" tells that must be going at an angle.
· Internal obliques are at right angles to external.
When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards midline.
· Note: "oblique" tells that must be going at an angle.
· Internal obliques are at right angles to external.
Ureter
to ovarian/testicular artery relation
"Water under the bridge":
The ureters (which carry water), are posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
· Clinically important, since a common surgical error is to cut ureter instead of ovarian artery when removing uterus
The ureters (which carry water), are posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
· Clinically important, since a common surgical error is to cut ureter instead of ovarian artery when removing uterus
Circumventricular
organs
"Marble SOAP"
- Median eminence of
hypothalamus
- Subfornical organ
- Organum vasculosum of
lamina terminalis
- Area postrema
- Posterior pituitary
Vitelline
veins: Derivatives
"HIPS"
- Hepatic veins
- Inferior portion of Inferior vena cava
- Portal vein
- Superior mesenteric vein
Ulnar
nerve palsy
"BCDEF of Music"
- Book test
- Card test
- ADductor pollicis paralysed
- Egawa test
- Fromets sign
- Musicians nerve
The
deformities of the foot in Congenital Talipes Equino Varus(CTEV)
"InAdEquate"
- Inversion
- Adduction
- Equinus
Superior
orbital fissure: Structures passing through
'Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult'
- Lacrimal nerve
- Frontal nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Superior branch of
oculomotor nerve
- Abducent nerve
- Nasociliary nerve
- Inferior branch of
occulomotor nerve
5
sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal
APE OIL
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecal
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecal
suprascapular
artery and nerve
Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels
under.
(Bridge is the ligament.)
(Bridge is the ligament.)
interosseous
muscles of hand/foot.
Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct
Radial
n. innervates the BEST!!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
Cranial
Bones
"Old People From Texas Eat
Spiders"
Occipital, Parietal, Frontal,Temporal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid
Occipital, Parietal, Frontal,Temporal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid
ABC'S
of the aortic arch!
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left Common Carotid, and the left
the left Common Carotid, and the left
Subclavian artery
Exit
of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull
"Single Room Only"
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale
CRANIAL
NERVES
You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II --
Optic)
Thoracic
duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus
"The duck between 2 gooses":
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.
Thenar
and hypothenar muscles
FAO (Flex, Oppose,
Abduct)
Thenar: Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis.
Hypothenar: Flexor digiti minimi, Abductor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi.
Thenar: Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis.
Hypothenar: Flexor digiti minimi, Abductor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi.
Rotator
cuff muscles
SITS (Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis).
Bronchi:
which one is more vertical
"Inhale a bite,
goes down the right":
Inhaled objects more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical.
Inhaled objects more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical.
Composition
of cranial nerves (Motor, Sensory, or Both)
Some Say Money Matter, But My
Brother Says Brave Brains Matter More
Sensory, sensory motor, motor, both, motor, both, sensory, both, both, motor, motor in the order of cranial nerves starting from the olfactory (cranial nerve I).
Sensory, sensory motor, motor, both, motor, both, sensory, both, both, motor, motor in the order of cranial nerves starting from the olfactory (cranial nerve I).
Innervation
Innervation of phrenic
nerve
|
c3-4-5 keep the diaphragm alive
|
Innervation of
serratus anterior
|
c5-6-7 raise your arms to
heaven
nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior |
Femoral triangle: arrangement of
contents
NAVEL:
· From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
· Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
· From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
· Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
Popliteal
fossa: muscles arrangement
The two Semi's go together,
Semimembranosus and Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.
THE
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Branches of Lateral Cord :
"LML"
Lateral Pectoral Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Lateral root of Median Nerve
Branches of Medial Cord :
"M4U"
Medial Pectoral Nerve
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of arm
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of forearm
Medial root of Median Nerve
Ulnar nerve
Branches of Posterior Cord :
"ULTRA"
Upper subscapular Nerve
Lower subscapular Nerve
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Radial Nerve
Axillary Nerve
"LML"
Lateral Pectoral Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Lateral root of Median Nerve
Branches of Medial Cord :
"M4U"
Medial Pectoral Nerve
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of arm
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of forearm
Medial root of Median Nerve
Ulnar nerve
Branches of Posterior Cord :
"ULTRA"
Upper subscapular Nerve
Lower subscapular Nerve
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Radial Nerve
Axillary Nerve
CONTENTS
OF AXILLA
The
code is " AXILLA"
AXillary artery
and vein
Infraclavicular
part of brachial plexus
Lymphnodes (
five group of axillary lymph nodes )
Long
thoracic and intercostobranchial nerves
Axillary
fat and areolar tissue
Elbow:
which side has common flexor origin
FM (as in FM Radio):
Flexor Medial, so Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.
Flexor Medial, so Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.
Carpal
bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location
Since there's two T's in
carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where:
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB TrapezOID is by its SIDE.
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB TrapezOID is by its SIDE.
ATTACHMENTS
ON THE HUMERUS
"Lady between two Majors
"
Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi , teres Major ( lateral to medial)
Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi , teres Major ( lateral to medial)
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