V- DOTS
*Visual acuity testing
*Distant direct ophthalmoscopic
examination
* Oblique illumination examination
* Test for iris shadow
* Slit lamp examination
Direction=plane of
movement-horizontal,vertical
Waveform= Pendular or
Jerky
Amplitude= fine or
coarse
Rest=At primary
position or gaze evoked
Frequency= How often
the eye moves
Features of Behcet's Disease: ORAL
UPSET
Occlusive periphlebitis
Retinitis
Anterior uveitis
Leakage from retinal vessels
Ulceration (aphthous/genital)
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)
Erythema nodosum
Thrombophlebitis
Retinitis
Anterior uveitis
Leakage from retinal vessels
Ulceration (aphthous/genital)
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)
Erythema nodosum
Thrombophlebitis
Clinical features of Reiter’s: PLUCKING
Plantar Fasciitis
Urethritis
Conjunctivitis
Keratoderma blenorrhagica
Inflamed joints
Nail dystrophy
Gum ulceration
Urethritis
Conjunctivitis
Keratoderma blenorrhagica
Inflamed joints
Nail dystrophy
Gum ulceration
Ophthalmic features of TB: BCG GP
Busacca & Koeppe nodules on iris
Choroiditis
Granulomata in choroid
Granulomatous uveitis (with mutton fat KP’s)
Periphlebitis
Choroiditis
Granulomata in choroid
Granulomatous uveitis (with mutton fat KP’s)
Periphlebitis
STYE is Hordeolum
externum (STAY OUT) ; Moll's gland / Zeis gland affected
Chalazion is Hordeolum INternum - Chronic Inflammatory granuloma of MEiBOMian glands (Remember : See (C) me in Bombay)
Chalazion is Hordeolum INternum - Chronic Inflammatory granuloma of MEiBOMian glands (Remember : See (C) me in Bombay)
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Surgeries for Ptosis
F L U F F Y
F- fasanella servat operation
L- levator resection {blaskovics n everbush's}
F- frontalis sling operation
F- fasanella servat operation
L- levator resection {blaskovics n everbush's}
F- frontalis sling operation
Causes
of lid retraction
4M= Myasthenia Gravis, Marcus
Gunn jaw winkling syndrome, Myotonic causes like
dystrophica myotonica. Metabolic causes like
uraemia,cirrhosis
4P= Perinauds
syndrome, Parkinson's Disease/ Progressive
supranuclear palsy, Ptosis of other eye, Palsy (aberrant III cranial nerve regeneration)
Causes of retinal detachment
Mnemonic:
SITS
Secondary to some intraocular problem (melanoma)
Idiopathic
Trauma
Surgery for cataract
Secondary to some intraocular problem (melanoma)
Idiopathic
Trauma
Surgery for cataract
Nerves passing through superior
orbital fissure
“Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult”
- Lacrimal nerve
- Frontal nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Superior division of
oculomotor nerve
- Abducens nerve
- Nasociliary nerve (branch
of ophthalmic nerve)
- Inferior division of oculomotor
nerve
Etiology
of Neovascular Glaucoma
RUBEOTIC
Retinopathy and Retinal vein occlusion (PDR, CRVO)
Retinal detachment
Uveitis
BRVO
Eale's Disease
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Trauma
Intraocular tumours (choroidal melanoma)
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Retinopathy and Retinal vein occlusion (PDR, CRVO)
Retinal detachment
Uveitis
BRVO
Eale's Disease
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Trauma
Intraocular tumours (choroidal melanoma)
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
ANGLE SRUCTURES
"I
Can See Till Schwalbe's Line"
Iris
root
Cilliary
Body
Scleral
spur
Trabecular
Meshwork
Schwalbe's
Line
ACROMEGALY
& MARFANS
Remember ocular features of acromegaly
with ACROM
Angiod
streaks
Chiasmal
syndrome
Retinopathy
Optic
atrophy,papilloedema
Muscle
enlargement
Remember the systemic features of Marfan
syndrome with MARFANS
Mitral
prolapse
Aortic
dissection
Regurgitant
aortic valve
Fingers long
(arachnodactyly)
Arm
span>height
Nasal voice
(high arched palate)
Sternal
excavation
characteristics
of Perinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome with "CLUES"
Convergence
retraction nystagmus
Lightnear
Dissociation
Upgaze
paralysis
Eyelid
retraction
Skew
deviation
Characteristics
of congenital nystagmus with CONGENITAL
Convergence
& eye closure dampens
Oscillopsia
absent
Null zone
that is present,increases foveation time which results in increased acuity
Gaze
poisition doesnot change the horizontal direction of nystagmus
Equal
amplitude and frequency in each eye
Near acuity
is good
Inversion of
optokinetic response
Turning of
head to acheive null point
Abolishes in
sleep
Latent
(occlusion) nystagmus occurs
Causes
of downbeat nystagmus with DoWNBEAT
Degeneration,Demyelination
or Drugs (Lithium)
Wernicke's
Encephalopathy
Neoplasm or paraneoplastic cerebeller
degeneration
Brainstem
disease (Syringomyelia)
Encephalitis
Arnold-Chiari
malformation
Trauma or
Toxin
Content
& veins draining the Cavernous Sinus with Rule of 3
3 Afferent veins: Sphenoparietal sinus (Vault veins), Superficial Middle cerebral Vein (Brain), Ophthalmic vein
(Orbit)
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic
Structures
derived from surface ectoderm with
S1L2E3
Skin of Eyelids and its derivatives viz. cilia, tarsal glands, conjunctival gland
Lens,
Lacrimal Gland,
Epithelium of Conjunctiva,
Epithelium of Cornea,
Epithelium of lacrimal passage
Skin of Eyelids and its derivatives viz. cilia, tarsal glands, conjunctival gland
Lens,
Lacrimal Gland,
Epithelium of Conjunctiva,
Epithelium of Cornea,
Epithelium of lacrimal passage
Ocular
structures derived from neuroectoderm
Muscles
of pupil
Optic Nerve
Retina (with RPE)
Epithelium of Iris
Epithelium of Cilliary Body
Optic Nerve
Retina (with RPE)
Epithelium of Iris
Epithelium of Cilliary Body
Sterilization
in ophthalmology with ABCDEFG
AUTOCLAVE
BOILING
CHEMICALS like Alcohol (Rectified spirit), Isopropyl alcohol/CIDEX: 2% Glutaraldehyde
DRY HEAT temperature of 150°C is used for 90 minutes
ETHYLENE OXIDE for sterilization of IOL etc.
FUMIGATION of operation theatre/ FORMALIN vapour
GAMMA-IRRADIATION: Gamma rays from Cobalt-60
BOILING
CHEMICALS like Alcohol (Rectified spirit), Isopropyl alcohol/CIDEX: 2% Glutaraldehyde
DRY HEAT temperature of 150°C is used for 90 minutes
ETHYLENE OXIDE for sterilization of IOL etc.
FUMIGATION of operation theatre/ FORMALIN vapour
GAMMA-IRRADIATION: Gamma rays from Cobalt-60
Causes
of trabecular pigmentation
"PIGMENT"
Pseudoexfoliation & Pigment dispersion syndrome
Iritis
Glaucoma (Post angle closure Glaucoma)
Melanosis of angle (oculodermal melanosis)
Endocrine (Diabetes & Addison’s Syndrome)
Naevus (Cogan-reese syndrome)
Trauma
PR
IS DANGEROUS IN TB
key word
PR--> PROTOANOPES cant see RED
DG--> DEUTROANOPES cant see GREEN
TB--> TRITOANOPES cant see BLUE
PR--> PROTOANOPES cant see RED
DG--> DEUTROANOPES cant see GREEN
TB--> TRITOANOPES cant see BLUE
IM
INJECTION IS EAZY
key word IM --> internal hordeolum is in meibomiam gland
EaZy--> external hordeolum is in zeis gland
EaZy--> external hordeolum is in zeis gland
Systemic
diseases associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa
L U C H R
Laurence moon biedl synd
Usher's synd
Cockayne's synd
Hallgren's synd
Refsum's synd
Laurence moon biedl synd
Usher's synd
Cockayne's synd
Hallgren's synd
Refsum's synd
Surgeries
for Entropion
CICATRICIAL ENTROPION: "skin n muscle of beautiful jia khan"
1- skin n muscle resection
2- skin, muscle n tarsus resection
3- burrow's operation
4- jaesche arlt' operation
5- ketssey's operation
SENILE ENTROPION: "BeWiTched "
1- bick's procedure
2a- wheeler's operation
2b- weiss operation
3- tucking of inferior lid retactors
complicated
cataract is RIGID
R- retinal detachment
I- inflammatory conditions like iridocyclitis, hypopyon, choroiditis, endophthalmitis
G- glaucoma {primary n secondary}
I- intraocular tumors
D- degenerative conditions {retinitis pigmentosa, retinal dystrophies}
I- inflammatory conditions like iridocyclitis, hypopyon, choroiditis, endophthalmitis
G- glaucoma {primary n secondary}
I- intraocular tumors
D- degenerative conditions {retinitis pigmentosa, retinal dystrophies}
Trachoma
Herbert's pit are found in Trachoma. Classification is
McCallan's Classification
Remember herberTs piTs TraChoMa McCallans
T T C M M C
Remember herberTs piTs TraChoMa McCallans
T T C M M C
Argyll-Robertson
Pupil : Remember A-R-P, P-R-A : Accomodation Reflex Present, Pupilary Reflex
Absent. Pupillary reflex absent due to damage at Pretectal area. Also called
the "Prostitute's pupil" (Syphilitic pupil)
What is HIPpus: It is
alternate RYTHMic contractions and dialatation of the pupil. (Remember,
the pupil plays HIP HOP to RYTHM)
Remember
LR6SO4 :
Lateral Rectus is supplied by 6th cranial nerve,
Superior Oblique by 4th
and the rest of extraoccular muscles by occulomotor.
Lateral Rectus is supplied by 6th cranial nerve,
Superior Oblique by 4th
and the rest of extraoccular muscles by occulomotor.
- Argyll -Robertson
pupil
- Morphine
- Organophosphate
poisoning
- Pontine
hemorrhage
- Horners syndrome
- ine-insignificant
'SOLID'
Superior Oblique -
Superior Oblique -
- Lateral rotation
(Abduction)
- Intorsion
- Depression
STUMPED "
- Sclerocornea
- Tears
in Descmet's membrane
- Ulcer
- Metabolic
conditions
- Posterior
corneal defect
- Endothelial
dystrophy
- Dermoid
"
TIC TAC' S "
- Tuberculosis
- Inherited
syphilis (Congenital syphilis)
- Trypanosomiasis
- Acquired syphilis
- Cogan's syndrome
- Sarcoidosis
' Iris
Shadow '
Immature Senile cataract.
Logic: When there is any clear cortex between the iris and the opacity (greyish white in immature senile cataract), the shadow of the iris which falls upon the opacity, as light is cast upon the eye is visible through the clear cortex. This is called the 'iris shadow' and is a common sign in immature senile catarct.
Immature Senile cataract.
Logic: When there is any clear cortex between the iris and the opacity (greyish white in immature senile cataract), the shadow of the iris which falls upon the opacity, as light is cast upon the eye is visible through the clear cortex. This is called the 'iris shadow' and is a common sign in immature senile catarct.
"CLUMPS"
- Cupping(glaucoma)
- Lattice
- Upward
lens subluxation
- Myopia
- cornea Plana
- Sclera
blue
"4
F's"
- Floaters (small
dark spots on a bright background are usually harmless)
- Flashes
- Field loss
- Falling acuity
"Cherry Trees Never
Grow Tall"
- Central
retinal artery occlusion
- Tay-Sachs
disease
- Niemann-Pick
disease
- Gaucher's
disease
- Trauma
(Berlin's edema)
"Water
PLUSS"
- Water
- Protein
- Lysozyme
- Urea
- Salts and
- Sugar
Home Treatment of Retinal Detachment Treatment
6 S"
- Sealing
of retinal breaks
- SRF
drainage (SRF is Subretinal fluid)
- Scleral
buckling
- SF6
pneumatic retinopexy
- Sectioning
vitreous (vitrectomy)
- laSer prophylaxis
"Microsoft
Dot com Rated Internet Very
Cool and Definitely Hot"
- Microanuerysms
- Dot and blot
hemorrhages
- Retinal edema
- Intraretinal
microvascular abnormalties
- Venous
abnormalities
- Cotton-wool spots
- Dark blot
hemorrhages and
- Hard exudates
TUMOURS
Suspicious Choroidal Naevi: To Find Small Ocular Melanoma
Thickness >2mm
Thickness >2mm
Fluid
(subretinal)
Symptoms
Orange pigment (lipofuscin)
Margin at optic disc
Symptoms
Orange pigment (lipofuscin)
Margin at optic disc
Classification of Retinoblastoma: ABCDE
SmAll
(<3mm br="br">
Bigger (>3mm, macular, subretinal fluid)
Contained Seeds
Diffuse seeds (>3mm)
Extensive (>50% globe, opaque media, NVI)
Bigger (>3mm, macular, subretinal fluid)
Contained Seeds
Diffuse seeds (>3mm)
Extensive (>50% globe, opaque media, NVI)
RETINA
Differential Diagnosis of
Drusen: AGEING
Alports
Syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Exudate (Hard)
Inherited (Familial Dominant Drusen)
North Carolina Dystrophy
starGardts and fundus flavimaculatus
Glomerulonephritis
Exudate (Hard)
Inherited (Familial Dominant Drusen)
North Carolina Dystrophy
starGardts and fundus flavimaculatus
SCLERA
Features of posterior
scleritis: POST SCLER
Proptosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Swelling of disc
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon’s space)
Subretinal exudates
Choroidal foLds
Exudative RD
Ring choroidal detachment
Ophthalmoplegia
Swelling of disc
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon’s space)
Subretinal exudates
Choroidal foLds
Exudative RD
Ring choroidal detachment
LENS
Causes of cataract: DAMAGED
Diabetes
Atopy
Myopia / Myotonic dystrophy
Anterior uveitis (chronic)
Glaucomflecken
Electricity / radiation / trauma
Drugs / Dystrophies
Atopy
Myopia / Myotonic dystrophy
Anterior uveitis (chronic)
Glaucomflecken
Electricity / radiation / trauma
Drugs / Dystrophies
&
CATARAct:
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Drugs causing cataract: ABCD
Amiodarone
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone (po/g)
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone (po/g)
Causes of ectopia lentis: ECTOPIC M&M
Eye degeneration (phthisis)
Choroidal tumours
Trauma
Overstretched zonules (buphthalmos / megalocornea)
AR with Pupil ectopy
Isolated AR
Cystathione beta-synthase deficiency (homocystinuria)
Marfans
&
Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Choroidal tumours
Trauma
Overstretched zonules (buphthalmos / megalocornea)
AR with Pupil ectopy
Isolated AR
Cystathione beta-synthase deficiency (homocystinuria)
Marfans
&
Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Periorbital
cellulitis: etiology
SIGHT:
Sinusitis
Insect Bite
Globular/ Glandular Spread
Heme Spread
Trauma
Sinusitis
Insect Bite
Globular/ Glandular Spread
Heme Spread
Trauma
Optic
atrophy causes
ICING:
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure [raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure [raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma
Diplopia
(uniocular): causes
ABCD:
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens
Secondary
glaucoma: PILES
Pigmentary
Iridoschisis
Lens (phacolytic/phacomorphic)
Iridocorneal Endothelial syndromes
Seclusio pupillae (in iritis)
Iridoschisis
Lens (phacolytic/phacomorphic)
Iridocorneal Endothelial syndromes
Seclusio pupillae (in iritis)
Choroidal
neovascular membrane
HAMMAR:
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid
Systemic
associations of keratoconus: ABCDEF
Atopy
Bones (osteogenesis imperfecta)
Crouzon’s syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
Fingers (Marfan’s)
Bones (osteogenesis imperfecta)
Crouzon’s syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
Fingers (Marfan’s)
Features
of Keratoconus: CONES
Central scarring & Fleischer ring
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)
Striae (Vogt’s
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)
Striae (Vogt’s
Associations
of Vortex Keratopathy: ABCD
Arthritis (diclofenac)
Breast Cancer (Tamoxifen)
Cardiac (amiodarone)
Dementia / Depression (Chlorpromazine)
Enzyme deficiency (see F)
Fabry's Disease
Breast Cancer (Tamoxifen)
Cardiac (amiodarone)
Dementia / Depression (Chlorpromazine)
Enzyme deficiency (see F)
Fabry's Disease
Features
of Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS)
Ptosis
Enophthalmos
Deep upper Sulcus
Slack lower lid
Enophthalmos
Deep upper Sulcus
Slack lower lid
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